THE E RO ROLES LES OF FAMILY PLA PLANNIN ING AND ND SA SAFE E MOTHER ERHOOD TO POVER PO ERTY ALLEV LLEVIA IATIO ION Paper is presented at International Conference on Promoting Family Planning and Maternal Health for Poverty Alleviation. National Family Planning Coordinating Board (BKKBN), October 27, 2010, Yogyakarta - Indonesia. 1 … poverty is bad enough, but when you are being discriminated, this strips away your dignity, it is much worse, you feel humiliated, you feel useless… (Francis Steward, 2008) 1
Distribution of Population by Broad Age Group 1. Indonesia is the fourth most populous country in Number 2010 2015 2020 2025 the world. (in millions) 2. The population of Population Indonesia in 2010 has 237,6* 250,4 261,0 270,1 reached 237.6 million Reproductive Age people. An increase of 65,7 68,5 70,1 70,9 Women 32.5 million people over Under 15 years of the last 10 years. 64,1 63,6 62,1 60,2 3. The population growth age declined from 2.32% Working group aged 160,2 170,8 180,3 187,2 during 1971-80 to the low 15-64 of 1.97% in 1980-90 and Age group of 65 14,1 16,0 18,5 22,7 1.45% in 1990-2000. years and over 4. The growth rate was raised 1.49% during 2000-2010. Mortality and Fertility Indicators • The total fertility rate Demographic 2005-2010 2015-2020 2020-2025 downwards from 5.6 in 1971 Indicators to 2.3 in 2007. • The past 40 years have Population Growth Rate 1,26% 0,99% 0.68% witnessed a continuous Total Fertility Rate reduction in the infant 2,3 2,1 1,9 mortality rate, which was Infant Mortality Rate 41,6 29,2 21,9 brought down from 145 per Number of Births thousand live-births in 1971 4,5 juta 4,3 juta 3,9 juta to 34 in 2007 Replacement Level • The maternal mortality ratio 1,07 0,98 0,91 reveal that a fall of Life Expectancy 66,8 69,9 72,0 620/100.000 live-births in 1970s to 228 /100.000 live- births in 2007 2
Economic Growth, Poverty Trends and Employment Elasticity in Indonesia • Post crisis in 1997, Indonesia’s 30 30 24.223.4 employment elasticity became worst, 25 25 19.118.418.217.416.716.0 implying that the lower degree of labor 17.7 17.816.615.414.213.3 20 20 absorption for every 1% economic growth. 11.3 15 15 10.3 • However, upward movement in economic 7.8 3.4 3.7 4.8 5.1 5.6 5.5 6.3 6.5 4.9 6.4 10 10 4.9 growth has accompanied by tendency to 5 0.8 5 decline in poverty incidence. 0 0 0 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2015 -5 -5 Economic Growth Pertumbuhan PDB Employment Elasticity -13.2 8 -10 -10 292.4 300.0 258.3 7 -15 -15 208.4 215.1 178.7 6 200.0 Laju pertumbuhan PDB % Miskin 197.4 5.7 5 5.1 4.9 100.0 4.5 4 4.3 3.8 3 0.0 5 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) and Delivery Assistance by Health Staff, 1970-2007 3
Family Planning & Health Services • The Family Planning program is indirectly introducing to the community, which was formerly traditional oriented toward the modern health services. • This was eventually able to enhance their participation to use health staff in the services of examination, delivery and confinement as well as installing the contraception. Figure 3 Total Fertility Rate (TFR) by Income Group, SDKI 2002-03 and 2007 3.5 3.0 3.0 2.5 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.7 3.0 2.5 2.5 2.2 Bottom 2.5 Mid bottom 2.0 Medium 1.5 Mid Top 1.0 Top 0.5 0.0 2002-03 2007 4
Poverty and Demographic Characteristics • Demographic characteristics is very important in explaining earnings levels and earnings differentials in Indonesia. • Kohfi Anan (2002) said that the poverty and famine management is not able to be achieved if the population and reproduction health problems are not well responded. • Indonesia was successful in reducing the percentage of people living in poverty from 24.2% in 1999 to 13.3% in 2010 through various development interventions, including family planning. Poverty and Family Size • Demographically, poor households tend to have large members of family, and this is true either in rural or urban areas. • With low level of health; mortality rate tends to be high so that poor people assume that increasing number of children reduces the risk of having no descendant at all. 5
Poverty and Family Size • Thus, it is obvious from this notion that children are valued high in most Indonesian poor communities. This is because they view children as a crucial factor of production. Nonetheless, this also reflects that poor household carry heavier burden than the non- poor. Impacts of the Family Planning in Reducing Poverty The Family Planning program has indirect effects toward poverty: • Postponement of the marital age • Female Labor Force Participation rate increased along with the decreased of fertility. • Indonesian labor market has experienced feminization during the last three decades. • Along with the increase of maternal health quality, the employment expansion has benefited female to work outside their home. 6
Family Planning and Government Spending • Family Planning program is nationally also able to save the development budget, which should actually be allocated for 287 million people, is economized for only 204 million people in 2000 • Jakarta’s Case ( Gani, 2000) : – The government of Jakarta could save the budget allocation for education sector around 2,590 billion rupiah and 3,300 billion rupiah for health services because of FP program and the decrease of TFR. Figure 5 The Trend of TFR and Female Labor Force Participation Rate, 1971 - 2007 5.6 80 6 5.2 70 4.7 5 4.1 67.0 60 4 3.4 3.3 50 56.52 50.6 40 3 2.3 2.3 2.2 40.96 38.79 30 33.1 33.6 2 32.4 20 1 10 0 0 1971 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2007 TPAK TFR 7
Family Planning and Female Labor Force • There are some factors that influence female participation in labor force which is followed by changes in employment’s structures. Female’s education, household welfare, and family structures are the main factors that affect female’s decision making to work. • Female’s marital status and age and the presence of young children are strongly correlated with female labor force participation in Indonesia. • Particularly with the existence of children, female tend to delay their involvement in labor market for child care reason. Figure 4 Percentage of Poor People and Total Fertility Rate (TFR), 1971 - 2007 8
Present and Future Challenges • The young dependency burden (as the proportion of the population below 15 years) is still become heavier over the coming years. Indonesia experiences around 4 million new baby born each year. • An “inter - generation poverty trap” from which it is difficult to escape. • A demographic path where the number of older persons is projected around 79.8 million in 2050. • More than half of labor force have only primary or less education level. • Poverty still continues to haunt 31 million people in Indonesia. The Way Forward • Indonesia should currently start to divert attention from the issue of population control to the quality improvement. However, apparently the population control is still not able yet to be left behind. • Strengthening the commitment of the local governments toward family planning program, safe motherhood and women empowerment • Reducing unmet need especially for women who were in quintile 1 and 2 • Re commitment among the religious leader and faith- based organizations to be involved in the FP. 9
Thank You 19 10
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