The Changing Poli-cal Economi mies of Migrant Smu muggling Networks in Africa: New Challenges and Risks Ne New Ri Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime www.globalinitiative.net
HUMAN SMUGGLING FROM THE HORN OF AFRICA HUMAN SMUGGLING FROM THE HORN OF AFRICA Introduction 1. Research: Interviews in West Africa, East Africa, Horn • of Africa, East Africa, Yemen, Turkey, and Europe, 2012-2016 Extensive existing field research 2012-16 2. Analysis: • Market Dynamics & Actors 3. Policy Implications: • Sketching an Integrated Response
HUMAN SMUGGLING FROM THE HORN OF AFRICA HUMAN SMUGGLING FROM THE HORN OF AFRICA What is a Smu muggler? Bridging cultures, languages Specialised knowledge and institutional divides and capital • A smuggler helps a migrant cross Crossing political or geographic borders boundaries: • Geographic Within safe regions These boundaries can • Poli7cal change and can be • Physical changed • Cultural • Smugglers don’t create their markets, but they do shape and expand them. • Many types of actors are involved in A range of services are o fg ered in “hub” towns a smuggling market
HUMAN SMUGGLING FROM THE HORN OF AFRICA HUMAN SMUGGLING FROM THE HORN OF AFRICA Two typologies of mi migrant smu muggling 1. Pay as you go 2. Full-package
Sudan/Eritrea Border Eastern HUMAN SMUGGLING FROM THE HORN OF AFRICA HUMAN SMUGGLING FROM THE HORN OF AFRICA Sudan 3 Smuggling Systems Hor Horn of Africa System n of Africa System A: Addis Ababa, Ethiopia B: Dadaab, Kenya C: Khartoum, Sudan D: Ethiopia / Sudan border Sahel System Sahel System E: Agadez, Niger F: Sebha, Libya Med Coastal System Med Coastal System G: Zuwara / Tripoli, Libya H: Alexandria, Egypt
HUMAN SMUGGLING FROM THE HORN OF AFRICA HUMAN SMUGGLING FROM THE HORN OF AFRICA System: Horn of Africa Egypt Libya Ke Key Actors Pric Price e Mark Market C t Conso nsolida-o lida-on n Viol Vi olen ence ce Very low. A few big players Significant regional Within the region, violence is Government prompted and running networks, but a dispari-es depending on rela-vely low, though the enabled, through corrup-on massive industry. specific borders and the prac-ces of forced or and abuse of power. current environment. exploita-ve labour and Prices are high to leave the Fragmented market, many sexual are commonplace. most repressive source Trips across the Sahel players, very few dis-nct states: Eritrea, Sudan. towards Europe cost several Instances of organ trafficking players emerge. thousand dollars, more once and extreme abuse are Travelling around the region Eritreans and Sudanese extor-on costs have also rumoured and have occurred is rela-vely cheap. seem dominant in the been factored in. historically. organised networks. Protec-on / systems of Violence against migrants Widespread involvement of extor-on developing. from the region (e.g. ISIS) the community. have caused widespread Par-cularly focused around concern. DRC refugee camps.
HUMAN SMUGGLING FROM THE HORN OF AFRICA HUMAN SMUGGLING FROM THE HORN OF AFRICA System: Sahel Egypt Libya Ke Key Actors Pric Price e Mark Market C t Conso nsolida-o lida-on n Vi Viol olen ence ce Toubou Increasingly controlled by Prices have fallen no-ceably, Use of violence and the Toubou, displacing and it is only quan-ty that is exploita-on such as forced Toureg Toureg off key routes, limited sustaining the levels of labour is commonplace but Local Libyan mili-a groups space for new actors given profits in the market. not extreme. terrain. The migrant trade is taxed by The journey itself is the panoply of local control inherently dangerous and zones. has a high mortality rate that smugglers do liYle to offset. Protec-on systems are far more developed in Libya than elsewhere. DRC
HUMAN SMUGGLING FROM THE HORN OF AFRICA HUMAN SMUGGLING FROM THE HORN OF AFRICA System: Mediterranean Coast Egypt Libya Ke Key Actors Pric Price e Market C Mark t Conso nsolida-o lida-on n Vi Viol olen ence ce Libyan mili-a groups Libya: as complicated as Prices from Libya are falling Highly violent, militarised Libya’s poli-cs, and plays into to very low levels to make and commodi-sed in Libya. Eritrean networks financing poli-cally linked the crossing, but extor-on This is having a deterrent Vast system of brokers and neutral mili-a groups. driving the price up for effect on demand. Egypt: facilitated by state Average 2000 depar-ng a migrants. In both locali-es, it is the officials, local corrup-on. day from various points. Egypt, includes higher end migrant who is criminalised Lead by Arabs, Egyp-ans / Rising organisa-on of the services, as well as pay as rather than the smuggler. Pales-nians / Syrians. Eritrean networks in Libya. you go. Connec-on between Libyan Corrup-on costs a higher and Egyp-an networks. percentage than elsewhere. DRC
3. Towards an Integrated Response
HUMAN SMUGGLING FROM THE HORN OF AFRICA HUMAN SMUGGLING FROM THE HORN OF AFRICA Opportunities for engagement Poli%cal Will / Capacity Turkey Turkey Greece Niger Market Consolida%on Egypt Ethiopia Ethiopia Sudan Libya Eritrea Full Package Pay as you go
HUMAN SMUGGLING FROM THE HORN OF AFRICA HUMAN SMUGGLING FROM THE HORN OF AFRICA Analyzing the Industry Egypt Price S: Supply of S Smugglers D: Demand for Smuggling Services D Size of the Smuggling Industry Quan%ty
HUMAN SMUGGLING FROM THE HORN OF AFRICA HUMAN SMUGGLING FROM THE HORN OF AFRICA Impact of Security Strategies Price S2 S1 S: Supply of Smugglers D2 D: Demand for Smuggling Services D1 Quantity
HUMAN SMUGGLING FROM THE HORN OF AFRICA HUMAN SMUGGLING FROM THE HORN OF AFRICA Shifting the Demand Curve DR S: Supply of Price Smugglers S DEA: Demand for Smuggling Services amongst primarily economic migrants DWA: Demand for Smuggling Services amongst primarily DEA economic migrants DWA DR: Demand for Smuggling Services amongst refugees Quantity QWA QEA QR
HUMAN SMUGGLING FROM THE HORN OF AFRICA HUMAN SMUGGLING FROM THE HORN OF AFRICA Integrated Responses
Thanks. Questions? Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime www.globalinitiative.net
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