The Biology of Amphibians Mark Mandica Executive Director The - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

The Biology of Amphibians Mark Mandica Executive Director The Amphibian Foundation mark@amphibianfoundation.org 678 379 TOAD (8623) Phyllomedusidae: Agalychnis moreletii

1.2 : Introduction of Amphibians Centrolenidae: Hyalinobatrachium valeroi

Evolution of Amphibians † † a a h ) s n n p s † u a r l o a h o ) s i g s m † c i m ) u ) , d ’ h y s a r h s h m o o e r e t r l p a c e † n d p y t d h a a a t d † a a n o t s o M p b a r a n a c r a i p n t o i s F t t o o a h m l a a e , u d n o i r m l s s p c b n e r t i i e r e o u t fi t - n s e o fi o u c e m G l g - g m o a y a d i a A y C T t * o n e p c a p G r a A C u t e r o a i e R s f r L L E K T R ’ ( ( ( ( Anura (including Apoda Urodela Prosalirus †) Salientia Batrachia Lissamphibia *Gerobatrachus may be the sister taxon to Batrachia Temnospondyls † Tetrapods Osteichthyes Sarcopterygian (Bony Fishes) (Lobe-fin Fishes) A m p h i b i a n R e i g n Devonian Carboniferus Permian Triassic Jurassic Cretaceous Time Period (420 MYA) (350 MYA) (300 MYA) (250 MYA) (200 MYA) (150-65 MYA) Present Day Millions of Years Ago resembles Plate Tectonics Gondwana + Laurussia Pangea Pangea Pangea begins to break Pangea breaks present day T h e B i o l o g y o f A m p h i b i a n s amphibbio.amphibianfoundation.org

Plate Tectonics Evolution of Amphibians † † a a h ) s n p n s † u a r l o o ) a h i s s m † g c ) i u m ) , d ’ h y s h a r m s h r o o e e t r p e l † a c n d p y t d h a t d a † a a o a n o t p s M a a n b a r c r a o i p i n s t F t t o o a h m l d a n a e o , i u s p r m n l s c b i e r t i e r n e o u t fi fi t - s e u o c o e m G m l o g - g i a y a a d A y C T e t * o n p p c G r a a A C t r a u e e o i R s f r E K L R L ’ T ( ( ( ( Anura (including Apoda Urodela Prosalirus †) Salientia Batrachia Lissamphibia *Gerobatrachus may be the sister taxon to Batrachia Temnospondyls † Tetrapods Osteichthyes Sarcopterygian (Bony Fishes) (Lobe-fin Fishes) A m p h i b i a n R e i g n Carboniferus Devonian Permian Triassic Jurassic Cretaceous Time Period (420 MYA) (350 MYA) (300 MYA) (250 MYA) (200 MYA) (150-65 MYA) Present Day Millions of Years Ago resembles Plate Tectonics Gondwana + Laurussia Pangea Pangea Pangea begins to break Pangea breaks present day T h e B i o l o g y o f A m p h i b i a n s amphibbio.amphibianfoundation.org

Evolution of Amphibians † † a a h ) s n n p s † u a r l o a h o ) s i g s m † c i m ) u ) , d ’ h y s a r h s h m o o e r e t r l p a c e † n d p y t d h a a a t d † a a n o t s o M p b a r a n a c r a i p n t o i s F t t o o a h m l a a e , u d n o i r m l s s p c b n e r t i i e r e o u t fi t - n s e o fi o u c e m G l g - g m o a y a d i a A y C T t * o n e p c a p G r a A C u t e r o a i e R s f r L L E K T R ’ ( ( ( ( Anura (including Apoda Urodela Prosalirus †) Salientia Batrachia Lissamphibia *Gerobatrachus may be the sister taxon to Batrachia Temnospondyls † Tetrapods Osteichthyes Sarcopterygian (Bony Fishes) (Lobe-fin Fishes) A m p h i b i a n R e i g n Devonian Carboniferus Permian Triassic Jurassic Cretaceous Time Period (420 MYA) (350 MYA) (300 MYA) (250 MYA) (200 MYA) (150-65 MYA) Present Day Millions of Years Ago resembles Plate Tectonics Gondwana + Laurussia Pangea Pangea Pangea begins to break Pangea breaks present day T h e B i o l o g y o f A m p h i b i a n s amphibbio.amphibianfoundation.org

Phylogenetic tree (or cladogram) clade = monophyletic A group of organisms which includes the most recent common ancestor of all of its members and all of the descendants of that most recent common ancestor paraphyletic A group of organisms which includes the most recent common ancestor of all of its members, but not all of the descendants of that most recent common ancestor polyphyletic X A group of organisms which does not include the most recent common ancestor of those organisms; the ancestor does not possess the character shared by members of the group. node The point at which the branch of a phylogenetic tree (or cladogram) intersects or terminates. phylogeny -- The evolutionary relationships among organisms; the patterns of lineage branching produced by the true evolutionary history of the organisms being considered.

Phylogenetic tree (or cladogram) derived Refers to a character or feature found within a sister group single lineage of a larger group; it is not shared 2 with all organisms in the larger group. Derived The two clades resulting from the characters are used to infer evolutionary splitting of a single lineage 
 relationships, as derived characters evolved ‘E’ (node 2) is the ‘sister group’ to node 1 after primitive characters (eg: node 2) 1 apomorphy pleisiomorphy A novel derived evolutionary trait that is A primitive character state for the unique to a particular species taxa under consideration. synapomorphy A character which is derived, and because it basal is shared by the taxa under consideration, is used to infer common ancestry The earliest diverging group within a clade (eg: node 1) systematics -- Field of biology that deals with the diversity of life. Systematics is usually divided into the two areas of phylogenetics and taxonomy.

Evolution of Amphibians † † a a h ) s n n p s † u a r l o a h o ) s i g s m † c i m ) u ) , d ’ h y s a r h s h m o o e r e t r l p a c e † n d p y t d h a a a t d † a a n o t s o M p b a r a n a c r a i p n t o i s F t t o o a h m l a a e , u d n o i r m l s s p c b n e r t i i e r e o u t fi t - n s e o fi o u c e m G l g - g m o a y a d i a A y C T t * o n e p c a p G r a A C u t e r o a i e R s f r L L E K T R ’ ( ( ( ( Anura (including Apoda Urodela Prosalirus †) Salientia Batrachia Lissamphibia *Gerobatrachus may be the sister taxon to Batrachia Temnospondyls † Tetrapods Osteichthyes Sarcopterygian (Bony Fishes) (Lobe-fin Fishes) A m p h i b i a n R e i g n Devonian Carboniferus Permian Triassic Jurassic Cretaceous Time Period (420 MYA) (350 MYA) (300 MYA) (250 MYA) (200 MYA) (150-65 MYA) Present Day Millions of Years Ago resembles Plate Tectonics Gondwana + Laurussia Pangea Pangea Pangea begins to break Pangea breaks present day T h e B i o l o g y o f A m p h i b i a n s amphibbio.amphibianfoundation.org

Actinopterygii : Ray-finned Fishes Oncorhynchus clarkii lewisi

Evolution of Amphibians † † a a h ) s n n p s † u a r l o a h o ) s i g s m † c i m ) u ) , d ’ h y s a r h s h m o o e r e t r l p a c e † n d p y t d h a a a t d † a a n o t s o M p b a r a n a c r a i p n t o i s F t t o o a h m l a a e , u d n o i r m l s s p c b n e r t i i e r e o u t fi t - n s e o fi o u c e m G l g - g m o a y a d i a A y C T t * o n e p c a p G r a A C u t e r o a i e R s f r L L E K T R ’ ( ( ( ( Anura (including Apoda Urodela Prosalirus †) Salientia Batrachia Lissamphibia *Gerobatrachus may be the sister taxon to Batrachia Temnospondyls † Tetrapods Osteichthyes Sarcopterygian (Bony Fishes) (Lobe-fin Fishes) A m p h i b i a n R e i g n Devonian Carboniferus Permian Triassic Jurassic Cretaceous Time Period (420 MYA) (350 MYA) (300 MYA) (250 MYA) (200 MYA) (150-65 MYA) Present Day Millions of Years Ago resembles Plate Tectonics Gondwana + Laurussia Pangea Pangea Pangea begins to break Pangea breaks present day T h e B i o l o g y o f A m p h i b i a n s amphibbio.amphibianfoundation.org

Sarcopterygii : Lobe-finned Fishes Bichir Coelacanth Lungfish

Sarcopterygii : Eusthenopteron † Tetrapodomorph fish Late Devonian period, about 385 million years ago

Sarcopterygii : Panderichthys † Tetrapodomorph fish Late Devonian period, about 380 million years ago

Sarcopterygii : Tiktaalik † Tetrapodomorph fish Late Devonian period, about 375 million years ago

Preparations for Terrestrial Life Why would Devonian vertebrates want to leave the water?

Preparations for Terrestrial Life Pre-adaptations What types of changes would need to occur to support life on land?

Preparations for Terrestrial Life Pre-adaptations Respiration Gills ————> Lungs

Preparations for Terrestrial Life Pre-adaptations Gravitational Support Bending of wrists and ankles Well developed ribs Weight bearing bones

Preparations for Terrestrial Life Pre-adaptations Sensory Perception Smells, sights and sounds are transmitted differently in air and water