Leiopelmatidae. Mivart, 1869 (4 sp.) Bell Frogs are found in New Zealand . Genera (1): Leiopelma Fitzinger, 1861 Synapomorphies Adults guard their clutches of direct-developing eggs. Young of L. hamiltoni and L. archeyi climb onto the backs of parents to complete their development. Leiopelmatids are nocturnal and catch their prey by lunging at it, as they do not have protrusible tongues (unlike most frogs). They also use alternating kicks when swimming (unlike most frogs). This family does not vocalize, but frogs are known to squeak when molested. These frogs possess: 1) inscriptional ribs (cartilage embedded within abdominal muscle); 2) nine presacral vertebrae (as in Ascaphidae); 3) retention of caudalipuboischiotibialis ("tail-wagging") muscles (as in Ascaphidae). Ascaphus and Leiopelma share many primitive characters, and there are apparently no derived characters that unite them as closest relatives. However, DNA sequences consistently place Ascaphidae and Leiopelmatidae as closest relatives.
Leiopelmatidae. Mivart, 1869 (4 sp.)
Leiopelmatidae : Leiopelma archeyi
Leiopelmatidae : Leiopelma archeyi
Bombinatoridae. Gray, 1825 (8 sp.) Fire-belly Toads are found in Eurasia, Phillipines and Borneo . Genera (2): Barbourula Taylor and Noble, 1924 (2 sp.) Bombina Oken, 1816 (6 sp.) Synapomorphies Species of Bombina are active during the day and have aposematic coloration ventrally. Bombina arch their bodies backward in an " unken reflex " when threatened, exposing their bright ventral colors and thus advertising their toxic skin secretions. (This defensive reflex is also found in some salamanders.) Barboroula species are not as colorful, are very secretive and active at night. These are small aquatic toads that lay eggs and vocalize during inhalation (unique among extant anurans). Morphological characters for this group are: 1) halves of sphenethmoid fused, 2) 8 presacral vertebrae; 3) epipubic muscle absent; 4) pupil triangular or vertically elliptical; 5) expanded flange of quadratojugal; 6) presence of endochondral ossifications in the hyoid plate.
Bombinatoridae. Gray, 1825 (8 sp.)
Bombinatoridae : Barbourula busuangensis
Bombinatoridae : Barbourula kalimantanensis
Bombinatoridae : Bombina orientalis
Bombinatoridae : Bombina variegata
Bombinatoridae: The Unken Reflex
Pipidae. Gray, 1825 (41 sp.) The Tongue-less Frogs are found in South America and Sub-Saharan Africa . Genera (4): Hymenochirus Boulenger, 1896 (4 sp.) Pipa Laurenti, 1768 (7 sp.) Pseudhymenochirus Chabanaud, 1920 (1 sp.) Xenopus Wagler, 1827 (29 sp.) Synapomorphies These frogs lack a tongue, have dorsoventrally flattened bodies, fully webbed hind feet, small dorsally placed eyes, and retain a lateral line system. Tadpoles resemble small catfish due to their paired anterior barbells (absent in Hymenochirus whose tadpoles are carnivorous). Males in this family lack vocal cords but are able to communicate underwater via "clicking" sounds generated through a modified laryngeal apparatus. Characters for the Pipidae are: 1) epipubis present; 2) unpaired epipubic muscle; 3) quadratojugal absent; 4) free ribs in larvae; 5) sacrococcygeal articulation fused; 6) short, stocky sacrum; 7) elongate septomaxillae; 8) lateral line system present in adults; 9) tongues absent; 10) non-pedicellate teeth in Xenopus and some Pipa (other Pipa are edentate, i.e., with very few or no teeth)
Pipidae. Gray, 1825 (41 sp.)
Pipidae : Pipa pipa
Pipidae : Pipa pipa
Pipidae : Pipa pipa
Pipidae : Pipa pipa
Pipidae : Pipa pipa
Pipidae : Pipa pipa
Pipidae : Xenopus leavis
Pipidae : Xenopus leavis Pipidae : Xenopus tropicalis
Pipidae : Hymenochirus curtipes
Rhinophrynidae. Günther, 1859 (1 sp.) The Mexican Burrowing Toads are found in Costa Rica north into Mexico and Texas. Genera (1): Rhinophrynus Duméril and Bibron, 1841 (1 sp.) Synapomorphies The only living representative of this family is Rhinophrynus dorsalis . It is known as the Burrowing Toad due to its burrowing lifestyle, for which it is physically specialized by having a pointed snout for digging into the ground face first, short and strong arms and legs, and a pectoral girdle that overlaps the back of the head. The pointed snout, globular body, and small eyes give it a teardrop appearance. These frogs are specialized for eating ants, and do so with a specialized ant-eater like tongue that is protruded through a narrow opening at the front of the mouth, unlike most frogs which open their mouths and project a tongue. They also lack teeth. Because they are burrowers, they spend most of their lives underground and only come to the surface to mate during the rainy season. Considered to be a close relative of the Pipidae due to the tadpole stage of both groups lacking beaks and denticles and possessing paired spiracles (Type I tadpole).
Rhinophrynidae. Günther, 1859 (1 sp.)
Rhinophrynidae : Rhinophrynus dorsalis
Rhinophrynidae : Rhinophrynus dorsalis
Rhinophrynidae : Rhinophrynus dorsalis
Rhinophrynidae : Rhinophrynus dorsalis
Scaphiopodidae. Cope, 1865 (7 sp.) The Spadefoot Toads are found in southern Canada south through the US into Mexico. Genera (2): Scaphiopus Holbrook, 1836 (3 sp.) Spea Cope, 1866 (4 sp.) Synapomorphies This group was formerly part of the family Pelobatidae. Scaphiopodids plus Pelobatids are collectively known as the Spadefoot Toads , owing to a keratinized digging spade present on each hindfoot. These toads are desert dwellers, spending considerable time underground each year until the rains arrive. At that point they rapidly move to the surface and breed explosively in temporary pools. Tadpole development is extraordinarily rapid in this group.
Scaphiopodidae. Cope, 1865 (7 sp.)
Scaphiopodidae : Scaphiopus holbrookii
GA Native Scaphiopodidae : Scaphiopus holbrookii
Scaphiopodidae : Scaphiopus couchii
Megophryidae. Bonaparte, 1850 (214 sp.) The Leaf Litter Frogs are found in southeast Asia, from the Himalayan foothills eastwards , south to Indonesia and Philippines. Genera (5): Leptobrachella Smith, 1925 (63 sp.) Leptobrachium Tschudi, 1838 (35 sp.) Megophrys Kuhl and Van Hasselt, 1822 (76 sp.) Oreolalax Myers and Leviton, 1962 (18 sp.) Scutiger Theobald, 1868 (22 sp.) Synapomorphies The Megophryidae are cryptic frogs, with an overall trend of morphologically mimicking dead leaves on the forest floor. These are the largest, most ecologically and morphologically diverse group of non- neobatrachian frogs. These frogs are nocturnal and are poor jumpers, instead preferring to walk around. Morphological characters for this family are: 1) ceratohyals absent in adults; 2) intervertebral cartilages with ossified centers; 3) paddle-shaped tongue; 4) pectoral girdle arciferal with long bony sternum; 5) sacral diapophyses expanded antero-posteriorly; 6) palatines absent, with a palatal process of maxilla instead present in this area.
Megophryidae. Bonaparte, 1850 (214 sp.)
Megophryidae : Megophrys nasuta
Megophryidae : Megophrys nasuta
Megophryidae : Megophrys major
Megophryidae : Megophrys aceras
Megophryidae : Megophrys kobayashii
Megophryidae : Leptobrachium abbotti
Megophryidae : Leptobrachium boringii
Megophryidae : Leptobrachium nigrops
Megophryidae : Leptobrachella itiokai
Megophryidae : Leptobrachella sp.
Megophryidae : Oreolalax sterlingae
Megophryidae : Oreolalax major
Nasikabatrachidae. Biju and Bossuyt, 2003 (2 sp.) The Purple Frog or Pignose Frog are known exclusively from southern India. Genera (1): Nasikabatrachus Biju and Bossuyt, 2003 (2 sp.) Synapomorphies A relatively recently discovered frog family, restricted to India, that is most closely related to the Sooglossidae of the Seychelles Islands. The single known species is specialized for a burrowing lifestyle.
Nasikabatrachidae. Biju and Bossuyt, 2003 (2 sp.)
Nasikabatrachidae : Nasikabatrachus sp.
Nasikabatrachidae : Nasikabatrachus sp.
Nasikabatrachidae : Nasikabatrachus sp.
Nasikabatrachidae : Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis
Nasikabatrachidae : Nasikabatrachus bhupathi
Nasikabatrachidae : Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis
Bufonidae. Gray, 1825 (604 sp.) The True Toads have a worldwide distribution (except Australia and Antarctica). Genera (51): Adenomus Cope, 1861 (2 sp.) | Altiphrynoides Dubois, 1987 (2 sp.) Amazophrynella Fouquet,et al, 2012 (7 sp.) | Anaxyrus Tschudi, 1845 (23 sp.) Ansonia Stoliczka, 1870 (33 sp.) | Atelopus Duméril, et al 1841 (96 sp.) Barbarophryne Beukema, et al 2013 (1 sp.)| Blythophryne Chandramouli, et al 2016 (1 sp.) Bufo Garsault, 1764 (17 sp.) | Bufoides Pillai and Yazdani, 1973 (2 sp.) Bufotes Rafinesque, 1815 (16 sp.) | Capensibufo Grandison, 1980 (5 sp.) Churamiti Channing, et al 2002 (1 sp.) | Dendrophryniscus Jiménez de la Espada, 1870 (10 sp.) Didynamipus Andersson, 1903 (1 sp.) | Duttaphrynus Frost, et al 2006 (27 sp.) Epidalea Cope, 1864 (1 sp.) | Frostius Cannatella, 1986 (2 sp.) Ghatophryne Biju, et al 1863 (39 sp.) | Ingerophrynus Frost, et al 2006 (12 sp.) Laurentophryne Tihen, 1960 (1 sp.) | Leptophryne Fitzinger, 1843 (2 sp.) Melanophryniscus Gallardo, 1961 (29 sp.) | Mertensophryne Tihen, 1960 (14 sp.) Metaphryniscus Señaris, et al 1994 (1 sp.) | Nannophryne Günther, 1870 (4 sp.) Nectophryne Buchholz and Peters, 1875 (2 sp.) | Nectophrynoides Noble, 1926 (13 sp.) Nimbaphrynoides Dubois, 1987 (1 sp.) | Oreophrynella Boulenger, 1895 (9 sp.) Osornophryne Ruiz-Carranza, et al 1976 (11 sp.) | Parapelophryne Fei, et al 2003 (1 sp.) Pedostibes Günther, 1876 (1 sp.) | Pelophryne Barbour, 1938 (12 sp.) Peltophryne Fitzinger, 1843 (12 sp.) | Phrynoidis Fitzinger in Treitschke, 1842 (2 sp.) Poyntonophrynus Frost, et al 2006 (10 sp.) | Pseudobufo Tschudi, 1838 (1 sp.) Rentapia Chan, et al 2016 (2 sp.) | Rhaebo Cope, 1862 (13 sp.) Rhinella Fitzinger, 1826 (93 sp.) | Sabahphrynus Matsui, et al 2007 (1 sp.) Schismaderma Smith, 1849 (1 sp.) | Sclerophrys Tschudi, 1838 (45 sp.) Sigalegalephrynus Smart, et al 2017 (2 sp.) | Strauchbufo Fei, Ye, and Jiang, 2012 (1 sp.) Truebella Graybeal and Cannatella, 1995 (2 sp.) | Vandijkophrynus Frost, et al 2006 (5 sp.) Werneria Poche, 1903 (6 sp.) | Wolterstorffina Mertens, 1939 (3 sp.) Xanthophryne Biju, et al 2009 (2 sp.)
Bufonidae. Gray, 1825 (604 sp.) Synapomorphies Most lay eggs in paired strings that hatch into tadpoles, although, in the genus Nectophrynoides , the eggs hatch directly into miniature toads. True toads are toothless and generally warty in appearance. They have a pair of parotoid glands on the back of their heads. These glands contain an alkaloid poison which the toads excrete when stressed. The poison in the glands contains a number of toxins causing different effects. Bufotoxin is a general term. Different animals contain significantly different substances and proportions of substances. Some, like the Cane Toad Rhinella marina , are more toxic than others. Some "psychoactive toads", such as the Colorado River Toad, Incilius alvarius , have been used recreationally for the effects of their bufotoxin.
Bufonidae. Gray, 1825 (604 sp.)
Bufonidae : Bufo bufo
Bufonidae : Bufo bufo
Bufonidae : Incilius aurarius
Bufonidae : Incilius alvarius
Bufonidae : Incilius coniferus
Bufonidae : Incilius coniferus
Extinct Bufonidae : Incilius periglenes
GA Native Bufonidae : Anaxyrus americanus
GA Native Bufonidae : Anaxyrus fowleri
Bufonidae : Atelopus varius
Bufonidae : Atelopus certus
Bufonidae : Atelopus spumarius
Bufonidae : Atelopus nepiozomus
Extinct in the Wild Bufonidae : Atelopus zeteki
Bufonidae : Ghatophryne ornata
Bufonidae : Ghatophryne rubigina
Bufonidae : Nectophrynoides viviparus
Bufonidae : Nectophrynoides asperginis
Bufonidae : Nectophrynoides asperginis
Recommend
More recommend
