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JAVANESE PERSONAL PRONOUN SIR IRA S th CENTURY IN 10 th 16 16 th DYNAMIC CHANGE IN Atin Fitriana, Myrna Laksman-Huntley, and Dwi Puspitorini Faculty of Humanities Universitas Indonesia Depok, Indonesia atin.fitriana81@ui.ac.id;

  1. JAVANESE PERSONAL PRONOUN SIR IRA ’S th CENTURY IN 10 th – 16 16 th DYNAMIC CHANGE IN Atin Fitriana, Myrna Laksman-Huntley, and Dwi Puspitorini Faculty of Humanities Universitas Indonesia Depok, Indonesia atin.fitriana81@ui.ac.id; laksman@ui.ac.id; dwi.puspitorini@ui.ac.id

  2. IN INTRODUCTION AND LIT ITERATURE REVIEW Personal pronouns served a crucial function in characterizing the linguistic aspects of the text, as done by Zoetmulder (1985), Hunter (2007), and Kriswanto (2017). Other studies, also discussing personal pronouns and providing an overview of personal pronouns usage, were carried out by Uhlenbeck (1968), Becker and Oka (1974), and Zoetmulder and Poedjawijatna (1992). Various facts on personal pronouns can be synchronously placed into a wider scope of discussion (diachronic) by employing grammaticalization. This study aims to display the shift of sira used in 10-16 th century by using corpus linguistic and Mair’s grammaticalization approaches

  3. IN INTRODUCTION AND LIT ITERATURE REVIEW Several studies ​examining the use of Regarding the grammatical aspect, personal pronouns diachronically: these studies indicated personal Donohue and Smith, 1998; Egerland, pronouns shift in the aspects of form, 2005; Kim, 2009; King, 2011; Howe, referent, and also the grammatical 2013; Prayogi, 2013; and Ishiyama, function. 2019 The grammaticalization study is a study Mair (2004) also explains that that focuses on investigating typologies grammaticalization is often associated and universal languages using large data with frequency. (Mair, 2004).

  4. METHOD • This research employs qualitative and quantitative methods • These texts, dated from the 11 th to the 16 th century, are analyzed using corpus linguistics and grammatical approaches. • The texts are Adiparwa (10 th century) edited by Juynboll (1906), Arjunawiwaha (11 th century) edited by Robson (2008), Bharatayuddha (12 th century) edited by Wirjosuparto (1966), Arjunawijaya (14 th century) edited by Supomo (1977), Pararaton (15 th /16 th century) edited Phalgunadi (1996). • Antconc Program : n-grams and concordance features

  5. FIN INDINGS AND DIS ISSCUSSION • Based on the normalization analysis carried out on the five texts, the frequency of sira is higher in prose texts ( Adiparwa and Pararaton texts). • Furthermore, the function of sira is more varied in prose texts than in poetry texts. • Some of the functions of sira found in prose texts are third person pronouns, second person pronouns, modifiers, and honorific markers.

  6. FIN INDINGS AND DIS ISSCUSSION • By using the n-grams and concordance feature, the use of sira as 3 rd person the third person pronoun in the Adiparwa text is found to be accompanied more by modifier ta both on the left or right. • In Adiparwa text of the 10 th century, the use of sira as a modifier is modifiers quite high. However, its use as a modifier decreases in the texts in later periods. • The use of sira as honorific marker has increased from the 10 th century to 16 th century. In the Pararaton text, sira , served as an Honorific markers honorific marker, is mostly followed by proper names with more than 300 occurrences. • the use of sira as second person pronoun was found to be present in 2 nd person the text from the later period, which is the Pararaton text dated in 15 th /16 th century.

  7. CONCLUSION • The various genre of data used greatly affects the frequency and variation of the function of sira . • Of the various functions of sira , the use of sira is closely related to the honorific aspect. • The construction process of sira as a second personal pronoun is also inevitable from its function as an honorific marker. • This is in line with the current use of the personal pronoun in Javanese which considers the honorific aspect honoring the interlocutors and the person being talked.

  8. REFERENCES • Becker, A.L. dan Oka, I Gusti Ngurah. (1974). Person in Kawi: Exploration of an Elementary Semantic Dimension. Papers of the First International Conference on Comparative Austronesian Linguistics. Oceanic Linguistic , Vol.13, No.1/2, hlm 229-255. University of Hawai’I Press. • Donohue, M., & Smith, J. (1998). What's Happened to Us? Some Developments in the Malay Pronoun System. Oceanic Linguistics , 37(1), 65-84. doi:10.2307/3623280 • Egerland, Verner. (2005). Diachronic Change and Pronoun Status: Italian Dative loro . Linguistics . 43 – 6 (2005), pp. 1105 – 1130 • Helmbrecht, Johannes. (2004). Personal Pronouns-Form, Function, and Grammaticalization . Erfrut: University of Erfrut. • Howe, S. (2013). The personal pronouns in the germanic languages : A study of personal pronoun morphology and change in the germanic languages from the first records to the present day . Retrieved from https://remote-lib.ui.ac.id:2195 • Hunter, Thomas M.. (2007). The Body of the King: Reappraising Singhasari Period Syncretism. Journal of Southeast Asian Studies , vol.38, No.1, pp. 27- 53 • Ishiyama, Osamu. (2019). Diachrony of Personal Pronouns in Japanese . Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing • Juynboll, H.H. (1906). Ādiparwa . Oud-Javaansch Prozageschrift . ‘s -Gravenhage: Martinus Nijhoff. • Kim, Chul-Kyu. (2009). Personal pronouns in English and Korean texts: A corpus-based study in terms of textual interaction. Journal of Pragmatics 41, pp. 2086-2099 • Kriswanto, Agung. (2016). Bismaprawa: Edisi Teks dan Aspek Kebahasaan serta Intertekstualitas (Tesis). Depok: Universitas Indonesia. • Mair, Christian. (2012). Grammaticalization and Corpus Linguistics. Oxford Handbooks Online . (Editor Bernd Heine dan Heiko Narrog). Oxford: Oxford University Press. DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199586783.013.0019 • ------------------. (2004). Corpus Linguistics and Grammaticalisation Theory: Statistics, Frequencies, and Beyond. Corpus Approaches to Grammaticalization in English . (Editor Hans Lindquist dan Christian Mair) pp. 121-150. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Co. • Phalgunadi, I Gusti Putu. (1996). The Pararaton A Study of the Southeast Asian Chronicle . New Delhi, Sundeep Prakashan • Prayogi, Icuk. (2013). Pergeseran Pemakaian Pronomina Persona dalam Bahasa Indonesia “Gaul”. Jurnal Ranah Vol.2 No.2, pp.38-55 • Robson, Stuart. (2008). Arjunawiwāha : The Marriage of Arjuna of Mpu Kanwa . Leiden: KITLV Press https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1163/j.ctt1w76vqn • Supomo, S. (1977). Arjunawijaya. A Kakawin of Mpu Tantular . Edited and translated by-. Vol. I: Introduction and text. Vol.II: Translation. Bibl. Ind. 14. The Hague • Uhlenbeck, E.M. (1968). Personal Pronouns and Pronominal Suffixes in Old Javanese. Lingua 21. Hlm 466-482. Amsterdam: North-Holand Publishing Co. • Wirjosuparto, R.M. Sutjipto. (1968). Kakawin Bharata-Yuddha . Jakarta: Penerbit Bharatara • Zoetmulder, P.J. (1985). Kalangwan: Sastra Jawa Kuno Selayang Pandang . Jakarta: Djambatan

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