System Integration Issues System Integration Issues of DC to DC converters in of DC to DC converters in the sLHC Trackers the sLHC Trackers the sLHC Trackers the sLHC Trackers B. Allongue a , G. Blanchot a , F. Faccio a , C. Fuentes a,b , S. Michelis a,c , S. Orlandi a a CERN, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland b UTFSM, Valparaiso, Chile c EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland georges.blanchot@cern.ch TWEPP 2009, Paris
Outline Outline � � DC/DC Converters for Trackers at sLHC. DC/DC Converters for Trackers at sLHC. � � System integration issues to be considered. System integration issues to be considered. � Radiated couplings and inductor. Radiated couplings and inductor. � � � Conducted noise and layout. � � Conducted noise and layout. Conducted noise and layout. Conducted noise and layout. � � Susceptibility of the Susceptibility of the ABCn ABCn hybrids prototypes. hybrids prototypes. � Conclusions Conclusions � 2 G.Blanchot G.Blanchot, CERN , CERN TWEPP 2009 TWEPP 2009
DC/DC Converters at sLHC DC/DC Converters at sLHC � Requirements: � To deliver increased amount of power. � To contain or even reduce thermal losses. � To minimize the material needed to bring the power in. • Cables • Boards • Boards � To be compatible with the environment • Radiation, • Magnetic field • Space • Not to inject noise in the system. � A powering scheme based on DC/DC converters that fulfill these requirements is proposed. 3 G.Blanchot, CERN G.Blanchot, CERN TWEPP 2009 TWEPP 2009
Powering Scheme at sLHC Powering Scheme at sLHC Distribution based on 2 conversion stages Distribution based on 2 conversion stages Example design shown for ATLAS short strip concept stave stave Optical link 10-12V Building Blocks Building Blocks Stage1: •Inductor-based buck •Vin = 10-12 V •Vout = 2.5-1.8 V 10-12V Detector •Pout = 2-4 W 2.5 V Stage2: •On-chip switched capacitor •Vin = 2.5-1.8 V •Conversion ratio ½ or 2/3 GBT,Opto 1.25V •Iout = 20-100 mA Stave Controller Same blocks can be 10-12V Intermediate voltage bus combined differently to meet custom system requirements 4 G.Blanchot G.Blanchot, CERN , CERN TWEPP 2009 TWEPP 2009
System Integration Issues System Integration Issues To which noise sources is the system sensitive and how Detector much ? What are the noise sources of the converter and how to quantify them ? 10-12V 10-12V Intermediate Intermediate voltage bus The proposed scheme requires to have the converter very close to Filter OUT IN Filter DC/DC the detector and ASICs. π π π π π π π π ASIC � The DC/DC noise must What is the best layout ? be minimized. � The immunity of the system against couplings must be maximized. What is the best inductor ? 5 G.Blanchot, CERN G.Blanchot, CERN TWEPP 2009 TWEPP 2009
Outline Outline � � DC/DC Converters for Trackers at sLHC. DC/DC Converters for Trackers at sLHC. � � System integration issues to be considered. System integration issues to be considered. � Radiated couplings and inductor. Radiated couplings and inductor. � � � Conducted noise and layout. � � Conducted noise and layout. Conducted noise and layout. Conducted noise and layout. � � Susceptibility of the Susceptibility of the ABCn ABCn hybrids prototypes. hybrids prototypes. � Conclusions Conclusions � 6 G.Blanchot G.Blanchot, CERN , CERN TWEPP 2009 TWEPP 2009
Radiated Couplings and Inductor Radiated Couplings and Inductor A triangular current at switch frequency, whose amplitude is of few amperes, flows in the DC/DC output inductor. This results in a radiated magnetic field, whose direction and intensity will strongly depend on the inductor topology. inductor topology. Compared topologies: - Solenoid, 500 nH, the full magnetic field is radiated along its axis (N loops). Shielding not possible without reducing the inductance value. - Air core toroid, 200 nH, main field is confined in the toroid volume; residual field due to current along the tore axis (1 loop). Shielding possible. - PCB toroid, 500 nH, geometry limited by PCB technology. Shielding possible in the PCB layers. 7 G.Blanchot, CERN G.Blanchot, CERN TWEPP 2009 TWEPP 2009
Radiated Couplings and Inductor Radiated Couplings and Inductor H Field measured with calibrated and amplified loop probe: - solenoid, air core toroid, PCB toroid. - shielding of coil, shielding of pins using 35 um copper foils. h=10 mm d � Solenoid is the most noise and can’t be shielded. � Air core toroid is good and 15 50 dB = 315 shield reduces furthermore shield reduces furthermore the field. � PCB toroid is very effective 13 dB = 4.5 if shielded. It has more than 300 times less noise than the solenoid and 4 times less than the shielded air core toroid. � The loop formed by the inductor pins is a non negligible source of H field: the connection pins must be shielded too. 8 G.Blanchot, CERN G.Blanchot , CERN TWEPP 2009 TWEPP 2009
Outline Outline � � DC/DC Converters for Trackers at sLHC. DC/DC Converters for Trackers at sLHC. � � System integration issues to be considered. System integration issues to be considered. � Radiated couplings and inductor. Radiated couplings and inductor. � � � Conducted noise and layout. � � Conducted noise and layout. Conducted noise and layout. Conducted noise and layout. � � Susceptibility of the Susceptibility of the ABCn ABCn hybrids prototypes. hybrids prototypes. � Conclusions Conclusions � 9 G.Blanchot G.Blanchot, CERN , CERN TWEPP 2009 TWEPP 2009
Conducted Noise Conducted Noise Conducted noise is emitted in the form of currents by the converter into the cables: - Differential Mode Noise (ripple) - Common Mode Noise (in GND plane). It is measured on a dedicated setup, that uses Line Impedance that uses Line Impedance Stabilization Networks to normalize the measurement. The measurement is made with calibrated current probes and on the LISN ports. The conducted noise was radically reduced on past prototypes. It was found that the layout and the placement of components is determinant to reduce the conducted noise. 10 10 G.Blanchot, CERN G.Blanchot, CERN TWEPP 2009 TWEPP 2009
Performance of DC/DC Prototypes Performance of DC/DC Prototypes Proto#2 reached 60 dBuA = 1mA at Fsw Proto#5 reaches 25 dBuA = 17uA at Fsw, and 10 dBuA = 3uA at 10 MHz: the emission of CM current has been reduced by an order of more than 50 at Proto#2 reached 50 dBuA = 320uA at 10 MHz switch frequency, and by two orders of magnitude at 10 Mhz. Significant noise reduction in Proto#3 Low Noise was also achieved with the AMIS2 ASIC Prototype 11 11 G.Blanchot, CERN G.Blanchot, CERN TWEPP 2009 TWEPP 2009
AMIS2 Tests: Layout AMIS2 Tests: Layout AMIS2 V1 AMIS2 V3 Filter OUT IN Filter DC/DC π π π π π π π π ASIC In/Out on opposite sides In/Out on corner sides Filters on opposite sides Filters on opposite sides Filters close together Filters close together Several layouts have been tried for the same schematic using the AMIS2 ASIC. Comparison of two of those are shown here: � Separated input and output (and filters). � Input and Output close together. Different positions and types of the coils were tried. 12 12 G.Blanchot, CERN G.Blanchot, CERN TWEPP 2009 TWEPP 2009
AMIS2 Tests: Layout Issues AMIS2 Tests: Layout Issues AMIS2 V1 AMIS2 V3 CM DM 13 13 G.Blanchot, CERN G.Blanchot, CERN TWEPP 2009 TWEPP 2009
AMIS2 Tests: Layout Issues AMIS2 Tests: Layout Issues AMIS2 V1 AMIS2 V3 In/Out Close Together: In/Out Separation: � Small distance between In/Out GND pins: � Small distance between In/Out GND pins: � Large distance between In/Out GND pins: � Large distance between In/Out GND pins: • Lgnd is much smaller, therefore CM is • Vcm = Lgnd*(dI/dt) develops between reduced (10 dB to 15 dB). the pins and leads to worse CM noise. � Proximity of In/Out filter and L inductors � But the distance between In/Out filter couples DM currents between In and Out. reduces couplings between filter inductors: • Slightly worse DM attenuation. • Good attenuation of ripple. � Difficult to fit big coils on top. � Easier to fit big coils on top side. • Stacked coils will couple. � The performance could not be improved � Room for improvements with different coil with different placements: the layout arrangements (see next). dominates noise performance. 14 14 G.Blanchot G.Blanchot, CERN , CERN TWEPP 2009 TWEPP 2009
AMIS2 Tests: Coil Top/ AMIS2 Tests: Coil Top/Bot Bot The placement of the coil has a negligible impact AMIS2 V3, TOP AMIS2 V3 BOT on V1 because the main inductor is at some distance of the pi filters, therefore there is not an important coupling. This is not the case for V3, which has its noise dominated by couplings from the main coil. CM DM 15 15 G.Blanchot, CERN G.Blanchot, CERN TWEPP 2009 TWEPP 2009
AMIS2 Tests: Inductor Type AMIS2 Tests: Inductor Type AMIS2 V3 CM DM 16 16 G.Blanchot, CERN G.Blanchot, CERN TWEPP 2009 TWEPP 2009
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