Sustainable small wastewater systems in Central and Eastern Europe: - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

13th IWA Specialized Conference on Small Water and Wastewater Systems & 5th IWA Specialized Conference on Resources ‐ Oriented Sanitation Sustainable small wastewater systems in Central and Eastern Europe: Case study Slovenia Isteni č Darja*, Ameršek Iztok**, Hercog Andrej** and Müller Richard*** , Tjaša Griessler Bulc* *Faculty for Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia ** Liviplant Ltd., Slovenia *** Global Water Partnership Central and Eastern Europe Ahtens, 14. – 16. 09. 2016

GWP The Global Water Partnership (GWP) is a dynamic, not ‐ for ‐ profit action network with over 3,000 Partner organisations in 178 countries around the world. The network has 85 Country Water Partnerships and 13 Regional Water Partnerships.

GWP CEE • Founded in 1998 • Founded in 1998 • Population of 152 million people, a • Population of 152 million people, a quarter of all Europeans quarter of all Europeans • Total area of over 2.03 million km 2 • Total area of over 2.03 million km 2 • 12 countries in Baltic and Danube • 12 countries in Baltic and Danube regions, 170 Partner organizations regions, 170 Partner organizations – Baltic region: Estonia, Latvia, – Baltic region: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland Lithuania and Poland – Danube region: Bulgaria, – Danube region: Bulgaria, Hungary, the Czech Republic, Hungary, the Czech Republic, Moldova, Romania, Slovakia, Moldova, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia and Ukraine Slovenia and Ukraine

Current status in CEE • 30% of population lives in settlements with less than • 30% of population lives in settlements with less than 2000 inhabitants 2000 inhabitants – This is >42 million people! – This is >42 million people! – Only 9% connected to WWTP! – Only 9% connected to WWTP! • Discharge of untreated wastewater from the rest of • Discharge of untreated wastewater from the rest of small settlements represents a significant pollution of small settlements represents a significant pollution of surface and groundwater and consequently a threat surface and groundwater and consequently a threat to human health. to human health.

Survey of small WWTP and TW Nr of small* Nr of TW % TW Guidelines/ WWTP standards for TW Bulgaria 57 5 9 No Czech Republic 1550 690 45 Yes Estonia 826 14 2 Yes Hungary 270 10 4 Yes Latvia 1020 10 1 No Romania 82 0 0 No Slovakia 382 5 1 Yes Slovenia 190 80 42 No Ukraine n.a. 65 / No Average/total 4377 897 20% Istenic, Bodík, Bulc, 2015 *capacity <2000 PE, Data were obtained by questionnaire for sanitation experts from all CEE countries 1 person per country (from NGOs, Universities, private companies)

Legislation limits for small WWTP BG CZ EST H LA RO SK SLO UA mg/L <2000 PE BOD 5 / 25/50 15 50 50 ‐ 70% 20 30/60 30 15 COD / 120/170 125 200 50 ‐ 70% 125 135/170 150 80 SS / 40/70 25 75 <35 60 30/60 / 15 NH 4 ‐ N / 15/30 / 4 / 15 / / 0.39 TP / 3/8 1.5 4 / 2 / / / <500 PE BOD 5 / 40/80 15 80 / 30/60 30 15 Appropriate COD / 150/220 125 300 / 135/170 150 80 treatment SS / 50/80 25 100 / 30/60 / 15 NH 4 ‐ N / 20/40 / 4 / / / 0.39 TP / / 1.5 4 / / / / <50 PE BOD 5 / 95% / / / / 40/70 30 15 COD / 90% / / / / / 200 80 SS / / / / / / / / 15 NH 4 ‐ N / 50% N / / / / / / 0.39 TP / 40% / / / / / / /

Main barriers Additional barriers • Unawareness • Unawareness • Land limitations • Land limitations • območju • National and local • National and local • Competition with • Competition with authorities, local authorities, local agricultural land agricultural land communities communities • Hilly area • Hilly area • Deficits in legislation • Deficits in legislation • Natural characteristics • Natural characteristics • Discharge limits, • Discharge limits, • Severe winters/cold • Severe winters/cold • Lack of programmes/plans • Lack of programmes/plans summers summers • High groundwater levels • High groundwater levels • Negative experiences • Negative experiences • Institutional barriers • Institutional barriers • Malfunctioning TW due to • Malfunctioning TW due to lack of maintenance lack of maintenance • Market barriers • Market barriers

Case study: Slovenia • Area 20.300 km2 • Area 20.300 km2 • Population: 2’000.000 • Population: 2’000.000 • Hills and mountains • Hills and mountains • Karst areas • Karst areas • Protected areas • Protected areas • Dispersed settlements • Dispersed settlements • 60% of population • 60% of population lives in settlements lives in settlements with less than 5000 with less than 5000 inhabitants inhabitants

Wastewater treatment in small settlements Wastewater collection and treatment for settlements: Wastewater collection and treatment for settlements: • 50 ‐ 2.000 PE by 2021 ‐ 2023 ( COD 150 and BOD 30 mg/L) • 50 ‐ 2.000 PE by 2021 ‐ 2023 ( COD 150 and BOD 30 mg/L) • območju • < 50 PE by 2021 ( COD 200 mg/L) or ealier in the case of • < 50 PE by 2021 ( COD 200 mg/L) or ealier in the case of house reconstruction. house reconstruction. This is 52% of the population! This is 52% of the population!

TW Inventory in Slovenia • Since 1991 150 TW (80 for sewage) have been • Since 1991 150 TW (80 for sewage) have been built, built, • območju • 3 – 1000 PE • 3 – 1000 PE • 30 ‐ 40 % for family houses (up to 6 PE) • 30 ‐ 40 % for family houses (up to 6 PE) • No electrical equipment and pumping; using topography • No electrical equipment and pumping; using topography for gravitational water flow for gravitational water flow • Also smallest TWs have two beds with different • Also smallest TWs have two beds with different granulometry of sand granulometry of sand

Vertical flow TW ‐ design Septic tank: Pulse shaft Plants Impermeable Layer – EPDM liner or PP modul • Designed for SLO legislation (150/200 Outlet: mg/l for COD; 30 mg/l BOD5) ‐ stream, sink • area 1.1 – 1.5 m 2 /PE • pulse loading (8 – 12 pulses/day) • COD outlet <80 mg/l • BOD outlet <15 mg/l

Vertical flow TW ‐ size SLOVENIA (HF*) SLOVENIA (VF) DANISH GUIDELINES Area needed > 2.5 ≈ 1.5 ≈ 3.2 (m 2 /PE) Legislation COD < 200 mg/l O 2 COD < 125 mg/l O 2 requirements BOD 5 < 25 mg/l O 2 and > 90 or 95 % NH 4 ‐ N + < 10 mg/l and > 90 % P total < 2 mg/l and > 90 %

VFTW for 3 PE – 4.5.m2

Vertical flow TW ‐ performance 15 VFTW 15 VFTW

Evapotranspirative willow systems (EWS) • First pilot plant in Slovenia • First pilot plant in Slovenia • Watewater reuse for biomass • Watewater reuse for biomass production production • Zero outflow • Zero outflow – to estimate actual – to estimate actual evapotranspiration and evapotranspiration and biomass production biomass production – to test 3 willow clones – to test 3 willow clones

Conclusion • Removal performance evaluation is being done in almost all the • Removal performance evaluation is being done in almost all the systems systems • Robust low ‐ cost on ‐ site solutions e.g. TW • Robust low ‐ cost on ‐ site solutions e.g. TW • The data gathered by the monitoring will be used for the • The data gathered by the monitoring will be used for the formulation of the national guidelines formulation of the national guidelines • Closing nutrient and water cycle (water reuse) • Closing nutrient and water cycle (water reuse) • Demonstration of good examples • Demonstration of good examples • Awareness rising at institutional and administrative level • Awareness rising at institutional and administrative level • Improvement of legislation • Improvement of legislation

Thank you for your attention!