Typical UAE air con office Operating: 185 kgCO 2 e/m 2 /year Operating Embodied (initial): 950 kgCO 2 e/m 2 Embodied (initial): Embodied (in-use): 675 kgCO 2 e/m 2 Embodied (in Embodied Transport Commuting: 1,875 kgCO 2 e/person/year 38% 60 year period No energy supply 54% decarbonisation included 8%
Water Do we use too Do we have too Do we know much? little? how much we use? 1 2 3
How much? • 200 years ago a bath a year • 30 years ago a bath a week • 2015 – 3 showers per day • What is the correct level of cleanliness – too much washing = eczema
Consumption is cheap Consumption costs in Dubai almost the same as the UK 5 minute Bath 180l Washing Washing shower 50l = AED 2.0 Teeth Machine < AED 1.0 = 15 Fils < AED 2.0 But – desalination has a carbon penalty • New technology – 1.5 – 3 kg CO 2 per m3 • Old technology – 1.5 – 3 kg CO 2 per m3
Water scarcity in 2025 “There are only 2 to 5 days emergency water reserves for domestic use in the UAE and regions” Gulfnews 21 September 2007 – study by Dr Mohammad Dawoud Manager, Water Resources Department Abu Dhabi Environment Agency
Water sources
Water use per capita International Water Consumption 2007 600 500 65% Reduction 400 Litres per person per day l/c/d 300 Future Benchmark?? 200 100 0
Water use by sector – UAE Dubai Water Consumption 2006 Total=64,926 MIG Industrial 5% Commercial 25% Residential 59% Government 11%
Where is water used - commercial Source: Water Efficiency in Offices, Australian Government
Where is water used - residential 20% to 40% could be high 40% to 50% could be low grade non-potable grade non-potable
Avoiding use of water (water demand) • Project water cycle analysis required. The system must be balanced. Set design rules
Avoiding use of water (water demand) • Why?? Base Daily Water Demand Base Annual Water Demand Available waste water Available waste water equates to only 17% of Irrigation equates to only 12% of demand Irrigation demand 300000 1400000 1200000 250000 1000000 200000 Swimming Pool Evap/Makeup Swimming Pool Evap/Makeup 800000 Potable Water Swimming Pool Backwash Litres/Day 150000 m3/Year Water Feature Makeup Waste AC Cooling Waste Swimming Pool Backwash AC Cooling Cleaning/Maintenance Water Feature Makeup 600000 Foul Foul Cleaning/Maintenance Potable Water Water Use Water Use 100000 400000 50000 200000 0 0 -200000 -50000 Pot abl e W at er Cl eani ng/ M ai nt enanc e AC Cool i ng W at er Feat ur e M ak eup Swi m m i ng Pool Ev ap/ M ak eup Swi m m i ng Pool Bac k was h I r i gat on i Pot abl e W at er Cl eani ng/ M ai nt enanc e AC Cool i ng W at er Feat ur e M ak eup Swi m m i ng Pool Ev ap/ M ak eup Swi m ng m i Pool Bac k was h gat i r I on i Water Balance – Base Demand Luxury Residential with Lush Landscaping
Avoiding use of water (water demand) • Why?? Enhanced Daily Water Demand Enhanced Annual Water Demand Available waste water Available waste water Irrigation equates to only 28% of Irrigation equates to only 21% of demand demand 120000 600000 AC Cooling 100000 500000 Swimming Pool Evap/Makeup Potable Water 80000 Swimming Pool Backwash Water Feature Makeup Swimming Pool Evap/Makeup 400000 Cleaning/Maintenance AC Cooling Swimming Pool Backwash 60000 Water Feature Makeup 300000 Potable Water Cleaning/Maintenance Litres/Day m3/Year 40000 Waste Waste 200000 Foul Foul 20000 Water Use Water Use 100000 0 0 -20000 -100000 -40000 -200000 -60000 Pot abl e W at er Cl eani ng/ M ai nt enanc e AC Cool ng i W at er Feat ur e M ak eup Swi m m i ng Pool Ev ap/ M ak eup Swi m m i ng Pool Bac k was h gat I r r i i on Pot abl e W at er Cl eani ng/ M ai nt enanc e AC Cool ng i W at er Feat ur e M ak eup Swi m m i ng Pool Ev ap/ M ak eup Swi m m ng i Pool Bac k was h gat i r I on i Water Balance – Enhanced Efficiency Residential with Lush Landscaping
Better U-Values?
Carbon Content of an email
Best Orientation? 000/000/023/001/007 000/000/012/001/007 000/000/013/001/007 300° 330° 000° 270° 030° N 000/000/022/001/007 000/000/014/001/007 240° 060° 000/000/021/001/007 000/000/015/001/007 210° 090° 180° 150° 120° 000/000/020/001/007 000/000/016/001/007 000/000/019/001/007 000/000/018/001/007 000/000/017/001/007 Incident wind velocity [m/s] 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 <10.0
External Shading- Horizontal or Vertical
External Shading- Horizontal or Vertical Orientation
Plants not Plant
Photosynthesis Known symbiotic relationship
VOC removal Microbes in soil Break down VOC into CO 2 and H 2 O
Innovation- Plants and Air Quality
The Experiment David Brownstein
Implication of Living Wall • 10% less ventilation air / less cooling • 30% reduction in fan energy 7.3% reduction in CO 2 Annual CO2 Emission Rates 80.0 Internal Lighting 70.0 Fans 60.0 Pumps 50.0 Heat rejection fans kgCO2/m2 40.0 Condenser pumps 30.0 Cooling - Air 20.0 Cooling - Space Heating 10.0 DHW 0.0 Typical Office Living Wall
Conclusion- VOC • Removal is by microbes in the roots • Potted plants have poor exposure of the soil.
Living Wall Biofilter How do they perform? The biowall can supply 100l/m2/sec? Equates to air for 10 people
Application- Winter Garden = Plant Room VOC & CO 2 180m 2 of Living Wall for South Building External Air PM10 PM 2.5
Hydroponic Wall • Improved Air Quality • Added Biodiversity • Passive Free Cooling
Living Wall
Daylighting Daylight Factors Fixed overcast sky i.e. ignores the sun 2% minimum daylight factor
Daylighting Climate Based Daylight Modelling (CBDM) An hourly calculation considering the sun and cloud Set minimum and maximum
Daylighting Climate Based Daylight Modelling Two new metrics: 1. Useful Daylight Index (UDI) - 80% of the occupied hours, between 100-3000 lux. 2. Daylight Autonomy (DA) – typically 150 Lux for 50% of the space for the occupied hours.
Daylighting Key Features Light redirection
Daylighting Key Features Higher Ceilings Windows up to soffit
Is energy too cheap to drive change?
Is energy too cheap to drive change? London 64% 19% 10% 6% Rent Rates Service Charge Energy Consumption UK 60% 13% 15% 10% Utilities / Standing Charges 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Energy costs 5 to 10% of office occupancy cost Source: What Colour Is Your Building, David Clark, RIBA Publishing 2013
Tenants just aren’t interested in energy “Between 2001 and 2011 not one prospective tenant enquired about the energy performance of a building before signing a lease, and only a handful asked about energy after the lease was signed.” Head of lettings, de-brief pending his retirement from a major quoted property company (>1 million m 2 )
Biggest cost is people £6,000 89% Assumptions Annual cost per m 2 of NLA Average salary = £43,000 £5,000 Employment cost (training, etc) = 30% Occupancy Density = 1 per 10m 2 of NLA £4,000 £3,000 £2,000 7% 2% 1% 0.6% < 0.5% £1,000 £0 Employee Rent Rates Service Energy Utilities / Costs Charge Consumption Standing Charges CUNDALL Dubai – Energy 0.53% CUNDALL Doha – Energy 0.58% Source: What Colour Is Your Building, David Clark, RIBA Publishing 2013
Considering Real Energy Consumption Computer Model Actual Energy G ++ C/D H 176-200 I 201-225 J 226-250 K 251-275 269 Based on A/C only – no mixed mode (C rating with)
EPC v actual consumption Actual energy consumption EPC Ratings No correlation between EPC (design) and measured energy consumption (reality) Source: A Tale of Two Buildings, JLL / BBP, 2012
Energy Modelling Approved Software comparison 25 19.8% 20 17% 15 TAS IES 10.6% IES SBEM 10 ISBEM 4.2% 5 0 TAS IES IES SBEM ISBEM
Energy Modelling Refurb / Cat A fitout every 15 years, excludes Cat B fitout Need to consider Actual energy not modelled energy – i.e. LEED could be 50% lower 81% 77%
American University of Sharjah 5,515m2 Campus Service Centre 5,515m2 Campus Service Centre Constructed for <AED 4,000/m2 Solar Hot Water Heating - 5 Years Solar Hot Water Heating payback Mini District Cooling System - 6 Years payback 30% Savings Sun Pipes - 10 Years payback Building Energy Performance ≈190kWh/m2/annum UK ECON 19 347 kWh/m2/annum 195kWh/m2/annum 30% Savings EGBC Green Building of Year 2015
Can I harness the power of my dancing?
Dancing energy
Don’t get distracted by gimmicks London Olympic games trial one million people generated “72 million joules of energy” This equates to 20 kWh saving £2 in electricity Example 1,000 people x 260 days = 0.61 kWh per year. 8.5 Ws per footfall 6p per year cost saving One 50W halogen lamp Do the maths! for 12 hours / year
Local and Sustainable Food Food Supplies • Over 7 billion people • 200 thousand born every day • Millions starve vs increasing obesity & diabetes.
Local and Sustainable Food Carbon Footprint 27% attributed to food
Cheese v Chicken?
Food Carbon Footprint Comparison
Myth
Fact
Low carbon Hoofprint Innovation required 30% reduction in carbon emission as a result of modified feed.
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