Sumer and Babylon Warm Up: Take out your Bibles and have them ready. - PDF document

5.2 Sumer and Babylon.notebook October 26, 2014 Sumer and Babylon Warm Up: Take out your Bibles and have them ready. Then, read the "Read Aloud" found on page 108 of your textbook. Oct 26­11:13 AM 1

5.2 Sumer and Babylon.notebook October 26, 2014 Today's Objectives: *Explain how cuneiform developed and how it affected Mesopotamia *Analyze how Mesopotamia cultural values shaped local life *Explain how Hammurabi's rise helped Babylon gain power *Investigate Babylon's connections with the Bible Oct 26­2:47 PM 2

5.2 Sumer and Babylon.notebook October 26, 2014 Southern Mesopotamia (started around the same time as Menes was unifying Egypt) Sumer *valued independence *worked hard to control the Tigris and Euphrates rivers *first wheeled vehicles and sailboats *simple machines, like pottery wheels *new ideas in math and science Cuneiform Writing System *used sharp reeds to scratch records on clay tablets *looked like pictures at first, then morphed into simplified pictures for faster writing *500 signs *represented sounds, as well as ideas and objects Oct 26­2:57 PM 3

5.2 Sumer and Babylon.notebook October 26, 2014 Checkpoint #1: How were materials used for cuneiform and hieroglyphics similar and different? Both used reed pens, but cuneiform was written on wet Slide to reveal answer. clay tablets rather than papyrus Why did cuneiform symbols grow less picture­like as time passed? Slide to reveal answer. Scribes simplified the symbols to write faster Where was cuneiform writing developed? In Sumer, southern Mesopotamia Slide to reveal answer. Oct 26­3:12 PM 4

5.2 Sumer and Babylon.notebook October 26, 2014 School in Sumer *few people could write (even most kings could not) *was an honor to go to school and learn to be a scribe *boys (only rarely girls) spent years practicing cuneiform and studying mathematics to keep accurate records Oct 26­3:23 PM 5

5.2 Sumer and Babylon.notebook October 26, 2014 City­states of Sumer (self­governing cities that also govern surrounding villages) *find Sumer *find city­states of Ur , Uruk , and Eridu on the map *Sumerians built walls around their cities (protection) Oct 26­3:29 PM 6

5.2 Sumer and Babylon.notebook October 26, 2014 "Gilgamesh" A Mythical Hero *part god and part man *strong as an ox *best fighter *built the city of Uruk What are some mythical heros in our society today? Oct 26­3:35 PM 7

5.2 Sumer and Babylon.notebook October 26, 2014 Kings in Sumer *palace could be seen from almost everywhere in city *kings served as generals, judges, and canal overseers * NOT considered gods, like Egyptian pharaohs Religion in Sumer ZIGGURAT * ziggurats (temples) in center of cities * polytheism (belief in many gods) *each city­state had a special god or goddess; that god or goddess was worshipped at the city's ziggurat ISHTAR ENKI * examples: Ishtar = goddess of love and war; Enki = god of water Oct 26­3:45 PM 8

5.2 Sumer and Babylon.notebook October 26, 2014 Uniting the City­States *united under one ruler: Sargon (who was king of the city­state Kish ) *expanded empire to northern end of fertile crescent (present­ day Syria) * because cuneiform was used throughout his empire, Sargon could send instructions and govern over great distances According to the Bible, Sargon and Nimrod may have been the same person: Genesis 10:8­10 ~ Cush was the father of Nimrod, who became a mighty warrior on the earth. He was a mighty hunter before the Lord; that is why it is said, “Like Nimrod, a mighty hunter before the Lord.” The first centers of his kingdom were Babylon, Uruk, Akkad and Kalneh, in Shinar. Oct 26­3:59 PM 9

5.2 Sumer and Babylon.notebook October 26, 2014 Checkpoint #2: What beliefs did Sumerians hold about Gilgamesh? all­knowing, great builder, part god/man, strongest, best Slide to reveal answer. fighter Why did Sumerians build walls around their cities? Slide to reveal answer. for protection Who united the Sumerian city­states? Where was he from? Slide to reveal answer. Sargon; Kish Oct 26­4:07 PM 10

5.2 Sumer and Babylon.notebook October 26, 2014 The Rise of Babylon... Oct 26­4:28 PM 11

5.2 Sumer and Babylon.notebook October 26, 2014 The once great city of Babylon , where the Jews were held captive for 70 years, became a symbol of power, materialism, and cruelty. Read Aloud: The city of Babylon was the capital of the ancient land of Babylonia in southern Mesopotamia . It was situated on the Euphrates River. The tremendous wealth and power of this city, along with its monumental size and appearance, were certainly considered a Biblical myth, that is, until its foundations were unearthed and its riches substantiated during the 19th century. Archaeologists stood in awe as their discoveries revealed that certain stories in the Bible were an actual situation that had happened in time . Oct 26­1:20 PM 12

5.2 Sumer and Babylon.notebook October 26, 2014 Location of Babylon Genesis 10:10 ~ The first centers of his kingdom were Babylon, Uruk, Akkad and Kalneh, in Shinar. PULL The Tower of Babel Genesis 11:1­9 ~ Now the whole world had one language and a common speech. As people moved eastward, they found a plain in Shinar and settled there. They said to each other, “Come, let’s make bricks and bake them thoroughly.” They used brick instead of stone, and tar for mortar. Then they said, “Come, let us build ourselves a city, with a tower that reaches to the heavens, so that we may make a name for ourselves; otherwise we will be PULL scattered over the face of the whole earth.” But the Lord came down to see the city and the tower the people were building. The Lord said, “If as one people speaking the same language they have begun to do this, then nothing they plan to do will be impossible for them. Come, let us go down and confuse their language so they will not understand each other.” So the Lord scattered them from there over all the earth, and they stopped building the city. That is why it was called Babel—because there the Lord confused the language of the whole world. From there the Lord scattered them over the face of the whole earth. Oct 26­2:56 PM 13

5.2 Sumer and Babylon.notebook October 26, 2014 Babylon's king, Hammurabi *dammed key parts of Euphrates river ~ gave them power to cut off water or or cause terrible floods downstream *armies weakened the Sumerians *rich and powerful *power shifted to north Babylon Hammurabi's Code Code of Law *stone pillar ­ inscribed with over 200 laws, written in cuneiform *one of the world's oldest codes of law *showed that slavery existed and not everyone was treated equally under law *copies of pillars all over ­ indicated that Hammurabi wanted his rules to be followed Oct 26­5:05 PM 14

5.2 Sumer and Babylon.notebook October 26, 2014 Checkpoint #3: What new ruler marched through Mesopotamia in about 1800 B.C.? Slide to reveal answer. Hammurabi; king of Babylon What strategy did he use to weaken the Sumerians? Slide to reveal answer. dammed the Euphrates; controlled water flow What is the Code of Hammurabi? Slide to reveal answer. system of laws Oct 26­5:19 PM 15

5.2 Sumer and Babylon.notebook October 26, 2014 The "New" Babylonia *693 B.C. "Old Babylon" was destroyed by powerful rulers from northern Mesopotamia ­ a city called Nineveh *known for beautiful "hanging gardens" *prisoners from Israel Jonah 3 Jonah Goes to Nineveh PULL Then the word of the Lord came to Jonah a second time: “Go to the great city of Nineveh and proclaim to it the message I give you.” Jonah obeyed the word of the Lord and went to Nineveh. Now Nineveh was a very large city; it took three days to go through it. Jonah began by going a day’s journey into the city, proclaiming, “Forty more days and Nineveh will be overthrown.” The Ninevites believed God. A fast was proclaimed, and all of them, from the greatest to the least, put on sackcloth. When Jonah’s warning reached the king of Nineveh, he rose from his throne, took off his royal robes, covered himself with sackcloth and sat down in the dust. This is the proclamation he issued in Nineveh: PULL “By the decree of the king and his nobles: Do not let people or animals, herds or flocks, taste anything; do not let them eat or drink. But let people and animals be covered with sackcloth. Let everyone call urgently on God. Let them give up their evil ways and their violence. Who knows? God may yet relent and with compassion turn from his fierce anger so that we will not perish.” When God saw what they did and how they turned from their evil ways, he relented and did not bring on them the destruction he had threatened. Oct 26­5:26 PM 16

5.2 Sumer and Babylon.notebook October 26, 2014 Summing it Up: Why did cuneiform first develop and how did it grow? it first developed to keep records; later it developed Slide to reveal answer. enough to express complex ideas How did cuneiform aid in governing large areas? Slide to reveal answer. it allowed laws to reach all corners of an empire What did Hammurabi's rise to power do for Babylon? Slide to reveal answer. it made it one of the ancient world's most powerful cities Oct 26­5:49 PM 17