Strategies and Technologies for Building Resilience
Strategies and Technologies for Building Resilience Heating and Cooling for a Changing Climate Bill Davis, VP Daikin Canada
In building design, resilience is the capacity to adapt to changing conditions and to maintain or regain functionality and vitality in the face of stress or disturbance. It is the capacity to bounce back after a disturbance or interruption. - Resilient Design Institute
Agenda Commercial Building Design • System Types • Electrical Design Considerations • HVAC Infrastructure Comparison • Summary Residential Building Design • System Types • System Comparisons • HVAC Design Considerations • Summary
Th The Resilient Design Pr Principles 1. Resilience transcends scales. Strategies to address resilience apply at scales of individual buildings, communities, and larger regional and ecosystem scales; they also apply at different time scales—from immediate to long-term. 2. Resilient systems provide for basic human needs. These include potable water, sanitation, energy, livable conditions (temperature and humidity), lighting, safe air, occupant health, and food; these should be equitably distributed. 3. Diverse and redundant systems are inherently more resilient. More diverse communities, ecosystems, economies, and social systems are better able to respond to interruptions or change, making them inherently more resilient. While sometimes in conflict with efficiency and green building priorities, redundant systems for such needs as electricity, water, and transportation, improve resilience. 4. Simple, passive, and flexible systems are more resilient. Passive or manual-override systems are more resilient than complex solutions that can break down and require ongoing maintenance. Flexible solutions are able to adapt to changing conditions both in the short- and long-term. 5. Durability strengthens resilience. Strategies that increase durability enhance resilience. Durability involves not only building practices, but also building design (beautiful buildings will be maintained and last longer), infrastructure, and ecosystems. 6. Locally available, renewable, or reclaimed resources are more resilient. Reliance on abundant local resources, such as solar energy, annually replenished groundwater, and local food provides greater resilience than dependence on nonrenewable resources or resources from far away. 7. Resilience anticipates interruptions and a dynamic future. Adaptation to a changing climate with higher temperatures, more intense storms, sea level rise, flooding, drought, and wildfire is a growing necessity, while non-climate-related natural disasters, such as earthquakes and solar flares, and anthropogenic actions like terrorism and cyberterrorism, also call for resilient design. Responding to change is an opportunity for a wide range of system improvements. 8. Find and promote resilience in nature. Natural systems have evolved to achieve resilience; we can enhance resilience by relying on and applying lessons from nature. Strategies that protect the natural environment enhance resilience for all living systems 9. Social equity and community contribute to resilience. Strong, culturally diverse communities in which people know, respect, and care for each other will fare better during times of stress or disturbance. Social aspects of resilience can be as important as physical responses. 10. Resilience is not absolute. Recognize that incremental steps can be taken and that total resilience in the face of all situations is not possible. Implement what is feasible in the short term and work to achieve greater resilience in stages. - Resilient Design Institute
Commercial Building HVAC System Design Comparison of: Central Plant, WSHP & VRV
Typical Office Building Chilled Water System with Boiler
Chilled Water System Central WC Plant,4pipe AHU w. Economizer Key Advantages: - Can be designed for very high efficiency C / T - Proven technology >50yrs - Highly configurable to suit design - Ideal for large spaces - Chiller performance (COP 5-8) CHL SET Disadvantages: - To achieve high efficiency, first cost is high OA + ECON. - Overall plant (COP 4-5) + Gas usage for boiler RELIEF - Large Penetrations in building form AHU - Many moving and operational parts - A lot of space is generally required VAV - Energy transfer is costly - Electrical infrastructure is high - Complex Control strategy BOILER GAS
Electrical Services - Chiller VFD VFD Chiller – FN CT MSB Turn down (10 – 100%) VFD VFD modulation PM CHL Pumps – OA + Turn down (60– 100%) ECON. Fans / Ventilation – modulation Turn down (10– 100%) if VFD is used VFD VFD Dampers FN EX VAV AHU Wide range of modulation and regulation VFD FN AHU VFD FN AHU TRANSFORMER MSB PF D.B CORRECTION
Sp Spaulding g Re Rehabilitation Hospital in Charlestown, Massach chusetts
Water Source Heat Pumps (WSHP)
Water Source Heat Pumps (WSHP) WSHP Plant, CW Loop, on floor unit w. Economizer Key Advantages: 1 st cost generally lower than CHW plant C / T - - Proven technology (comfortable) - Contained package units – easier interface with BMS HX Disadvantages: - High efficiency is difficult to achieve BOILER - Needs heat source in CW loop - Generally fixed Compressor with low COP RELIEF - System COP (3.5-5) + Gas usage for boiler WSHP OA + VAV ECON. GAS
Electrical Services - WSHP WSHP MSB VFD VFD Turn down (min25%) depends on smallest compressor in PM CT modulation unit OA + Traditionally not inverter driven ECON. More DOL load – higher starting currents modulation Cable infrastructure is still significant at on floor level – this VFD WSHP is where majority of electrical load is EX VAV Most control components packaged within unit – BMS is on controlling external components WSHP WSHP TRANSFORMER MSB D.B
Variable Refrigerant Volume (VRV) MN MNP T Tower r - Va Vancouver
VRV Heat Recovery (HR) HR VRV Plant wo. Economizer Key Advantages: 1 st cost generally lower than 4pipe CHW plant - COND SET - Proven technology (globally) - Integrated partial load performance is excellent - Low TCO BSV - Simple controls integration, generally provides more information than BMS OA - Similar performance to high end design (magnetic bearing, heat NO ECON. recovery and CB system FCU Disadvantages: - Contractors in North America not as familiar with technology DIFFUSER - Perceived barriers (Ref code / modeling performance ) - Unfounded myths (is a large multi system)
Electrical Services - VRV INTEGRATED modulation VRV VRV VRV VRV MSB Turn down (smallest load– 130%) OU OU OU Small DB at each level OA Peak Design load on transformer ONLY Cables are smaller Breakers and switch gear is smaller FCU Transformer is smaller FCU PF correction may not be required! FCU ERV TRANSFORMER MSB PF D.B CORRECTION
The Brock ck Environmental Cen Center er A At Ch t Ches esapea eake e Ba Bay
Cooling Plant Configuration – Redundancy Comparison 75 x WSHP 3 x Variable 2 x Variable 55 x VRV Speed Screw Speed Centrifugal OU 450T 900T 900T 900T 450T 900T 450T Cost Index 1.3 1.0 1.5 0.8 Installed Capacity Installed capacity Installed Capacity Installed Capacity 1350Tons 1800Tons 900Tons 900Tons 50% redundancy 100% redundancy No Redundancy at floor by Redundancy built in to floor level Can run all Chillers Can run 2 chillers in Modular design of VRV Best option 66% load in partial load partial load point but OU Coverage (depending on # not ideal position compressors
Commercial Building HVAC System Resiliency Comparison Attribute Discussed CHL System (SCREW) WSHP System VRV System Temperature & Humidity High High High Control Efficiency High Low High Durability Medium Low High Diverse & Redundant Low Medium High Simple Low Medium High Dynamic – Adapts to rapidly Low Medium High changing conditions 1 st Cost 1.3 .8 1.0 TCO 1.5 1.4 1.0
Residential Building HVAC Design
Residential Building HVAC Design Trends • Heating dominant market with a move away from fossil fuels in some major markets • Electrical heating/cooling systems are a possible solution • Power consumption on existing infrastructure • Designing with diversity and proper level of back up – ie hp’s with full electrical KW to back up the system Comparison of typical single-family system configurations: • Central ducted Furnace/AC or ASHP • Hydronic • Ductless ASHP
Central Ducted System Central Ducted Systems Most common residential system in North America • ~80% of homes • Conditioned air distributed through a duct system to all areas of home Considerations: Efficiency, Flooding •
Hydronic/Geothermal System Hydronic/Geothermal Systems Some regional popularity • Can be water-water and/or water-air • • Considerations: Complexity, Field/Well Sizing
Ductless Mini-Split System Room-air/Ductless/Mini-split systems Most common residential system globally • Typically 1 outdoor unit and 1-8 indoor units • • Considerations: Efficiency, Redundancy, Capacity
Ke Kenogami Ho Hous use e in in Sag aguena uenay, Quebec uebec
Recommend
More recommend
