Status of the Silicon Photomultiplier Telescope FAMOUS for the Detection of UHECR Tim Niggemann III. Physikalisches Institut A, RWTH Aachen University January 24, 2013 HAP Workshop Topic 4, Advanced Technologies, Karlsruhe
Outline 1. Introduction 2. Silicon Photomultipliers 3. Baseline Design of FAMOUS 4. Night-Sky Measurements with FAMOUS ONE 5. Current Status of FAMOUS SEVEN 6. Summary & Outlook Tim Niggemann (RWTH Aachen) | Status of the SiPM Telescope FAMOUS | 2
Who is FAMOUS? ◮ Lisbon Pedro Assis, Pedro Brogueira, Miguel Ferreira, Luís Mendes, Mário Pimenta ◮ Granada Antonio Bueno, Sergio Navas, Angel Ruiz ◮ Aachen Franz Adamczyk, Michael Eichler, Josef Grooten, Thomas Hebbeker, Tobias Kowalew, Markus Lauscher, Lukas Middendorf, Tim Niggemann, Christine Peters, Barthel Philipps, Johannes Schumacher, Maurice Stephan, Franz-Peter Zantis (Senior Researcher, Junior Researcher, Technician) Tim Niggemann (RWTH Aachen) | Status of the SiPM Telescope FAMOUS | 3
What do we want to measure? Shower Images by F . Schmidt Tim Niggemann (RWTH Aachen) | Status of the SiPM Telescope FAMOUS | 4
Fluorescence Detection of High-Energy-Cosmic Rays primary particle: proton, iron, etc. Fluorescence Light Spectrum Earth's atmosphere shower axis 0.30 avalanche of secondary particles 0.25 0.20 fraction 0.15 UV-light · 0.10 R p X max 0.05 telescope 0.00 300 350 400 450 wavelength λ / nm ground ◮ Secondary particles excite nitrogen → emittance of fluorescence light ◮ Gain information on the primary particle (origin, energy, even chemical composition?) Tim Niggemann (RWTH Aachen) | Status of the SiPM Telescope FAMOUS | 5
Silicon Photomultipliers ◮ Light detectors with single photon detection capability ◮ Made up of cells ( 100 , 3600 , 14400 , ...) ◮ Small form factor ( 1 × 1 mm 2 , 3 × 3 mm 2 , 6 × 6 mm 2 , ...) ◮ Promise high photon detection efficiency > 40 % ◮ Dark noise rate ≈ 10 kHz / cell Oscilloscope Reading d e r i f l l e c s n 1 o t o h p d e t c e t e d d 1 p.e. e r f i o f s r 2 p.e. l e l b e c m 3 u 3 p.e. N Time Tim Niggemann (RWTH Aachen) | Status of the SiPM Telescope FAMOUS | 6
Photon Detection Efficiency of SiPMs SiPM prototype (MEPhI 100B) Hamamatsu S10985-100C 70 E. Popova, NDIP 2011 ◮ 3600 cells 60 ◮ PDE in UV 50 regime ≈ 40 PDE, % 25 % − 36 % 30 ◮ Extensively studied in 20 our 10 MEPHI XP2020 (error=17%) for U=38V ( ∆ U=4,7V) laboratories Musienko (same type SiPMsample with U=37.5V) 0 ◮ Used for 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 FAMOUS Wavelength λ , nm Very high PDE in UV regime up to 60 % Not yet commercially available! ◮ Typical PDE of photomultiplier tubes used in fluorescence detection telescopes ≈ 27 %, ≈ 35 % (optimized in Wuppertal) Tim Niggemann (RWTH Aachen) | Status of the SiPM Telescope FAMOUS | 7
Baseline Design of FAMOUS ◮ Modular & simple refractive design ◮ 64 hexagonally arranged pixels ◮ 1 . 5 °field of view per pixel ◮ 12 °total field of view ◮ Fresnel lens with f = D = 510 mm ◮ Pixel = Light funnel + four 3 × 3 mm 2 SiPMs (Hamamatsu S10985-100C) ◮ Transmission efficiency of the Fresnel lens ≈ 80 % ◮ Transmission efficiency of the system w/o SiPMs ≈ 80 % · 69 % = 55 % Tim Niggemann (RWTH Aachen) | Status of the SiPM Telescope FAMOUS | 8
Light Funnel: Winston Cone ◮ Entrance radius r 1 = 6 . 7 mm ◮ Exit radius r 2 = 3 mm ◮ Maximum allowed incidence angle 100 θ max = 27 ° Simulation ◮ Polished aluminum (reflectivity studied in Aachen) 80 transmission efficiency / % ◮ Successful production in Aachen & Lisbon 60 r 1 40 r 1 =3 mm, r 2 =6 . 7 mm, θ max =27 ◦ 20 Round entrance Hexagonal entrance Rectangular entrance 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 incidence angle θ in / ◦ r 2 Tim Niggemann (RWTH Aachen) | Status of the SiPM Telescope FAMOUS | 9
Readout Electronics ◮ Readout electronics developed by ◮ Based on MAROC3 chip ◮ 64 channels with two discriminators each ◮ ADCs for charge digitization ◮ Individiual bias voltage control for each of the 64 SiPMs ◮ FPGA for digital signal processing including triggers ◮ Electronics currently beeing tested and development of firmware started Tim Niggemann (RWTH Aachen) | Status of the SiPM Telescope FAMOUS | 10
Full Detector Simulation ◮ CONEX air shower simulation Pixel 34 500 ◮ Geant4 for raytracing and response simulation 0 ◮ G4SiPM: dedicated SiPM simulation developed by 500 our Auger & CMS groups in Aachen voltage V / mV 1000 1500 2000 60 4.6 2500 3000 4.4 40 3500 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 4.2 time t / ns mean arrival time / /s 20 position y / mm 4.0 Pixel 0 100 0 3.8 0 100 3.6 20 voltage V / mV 200 3.4 300 40 3.2 400 500 3.0 60 600 60 40 20 0 20 40 60 position x / mm 700 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 time t / ns vertical E = 10 18 eV shower, 4 km distance Tim Niggemann (RWTH Aachen) | Status of the SiPM Telescope FAMOUS | 11
FAMOUS ONE Setup ◮ Measure night-sky brightness ◮ Commercial Newton reflector ( D = 20 cm , f/ 4 ) with one single FAMOUS pixel Tim Niggemann (RWTH Aachen) | Status of the SiPM Telescope FAMOUS | 12
Sky Scan with FAMOUS ONE ◮ Sky scan around Vega ◮ Field of view of a single measurement α fov = (0 . 71 ± 0 . 02) ° star-light of Vega preliminary . 40 u DEC / deg . a / x u l f t h g 38 i l star tracking . . . stopped 19 ... 10 11 ... 36 1 2 3 4 ... 278 280 282 RA / dec background ◮ Night-sky background radiance (after UV pass filter) between L � 60 m − 2 ns − 1 sr − 1 (moonless) and L � 450 m − 2 ns − 1 sr − 1 (full moon) in Aachen Tim Niggemann (RWTH Aachen) | Status of the SiPM Telescope FAMOUS | 13
FAMOUS SEVEN ◮ Final baseline design of FAMOUS but with 7 pixels to test construction ◮ Modular design easily extendable to 64 pixels ◮ Made in Aachen’s mechanical facility ◮ Mechanical design for 7 pixels fully constructed Tim Niggemann (RWTH Aachen) | Status of the SiPM Telescope FAMOUS | 14
FAMOUS SEVEN Readout Electronics ◮ Amplifiers are attached perpendicularly to the SiPM breadboard ◮ Each of the four signals of the SiPM 2 × 2 array is processed separately ◮ Data acquisition and digitization with common NIM / VME hardware SiPM Amplifier NIM Bias control unit Tim Niggemann (RWTH Aachen) | Status of the SiPM Telescope FAMOUS | 15
First Darknoise Measurements Oscilloscope Reading ◮ 1, 2 & 3 photon equivalent pulses clearly visible ◮ Baseline noise smaller than 1 p.e. pulse ◮ Dynamic range currently limited by amplifiers to 500 p.e. Tim Niggemann (RWTH Aachen) | Status of the SiPM Telescope FAMOUS | 16
First Darknoise Measurements Oscilloscope Reading ◮ 1, 2 & 3 photon equivalent pulses clearly visible ◮ Baseline noise smaller than 1 p.e. pulse ◮ Dynamic range currently limited by amplifiers to 500 p.e. Tim Niggemann (RWTH Aachen) | Status of the SiPM Telescope FAMOUS | 16
First Light Measurements ◮ Charge Spectrum of a measurement with a pulsed UV LED 1000 QDC measurement Famous pixel 800 entries / channel 600 400 200 0 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 QDC channel ◮ QDC spectra with single photon resolution possible Tim Niggemann (RWTH Aachen) | Status of the SiPM Telescope FAMOUS | 17
Summary ◮ FAMOUS = small fluorescence telescope prototype with silicon photomultipliers ◮ Simple refractive telescope, up to 64 pixels ◮ Full detector simulation to evaluate performance ◮ Dedicated and cross-checked SiPM simulation G4SiPM (journal paper & public release in preparation) ◮ Telescope with seven pixels fully assembled ◮ Electronics for upgrade to 64 pixels currently being programed Outlook ◮ Star tracking with FAMOUS SEVEN ◮ DAQ interface for FAMOUS (Bachelor thesis starting in April) ◮ Flat-fielding and focus check of FAMOUS SEVEN (Master thesis in progress) ◮ Study designs and applications beyond FAMOUS (Master thesis in progress) ◮ Upgrade to 64 pixels Tim Niggemann (RWTH Aachen) | Status of the SiPM Telescope FAMOUS | 18
Backup
Exit Angles of the Winston Cone fraction entries / total count incident angle q = 0 ° 0.22 in incident angle = 26 q ° 0.2 in 0.18 0.16 0.14 r = 6.7 mm 1 0.12 r = 3.0 mm 2 0.1 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 emergent angle q / deg out Tim Niggemann (RWTH Aachen) | Status of the SiPM Telescope FAMOUS | 20
Transmission Efficiency of PMMA 100 transmission T / % 90 80 70 60 d = 3 mm 50 thick 40 30 20 10 reflexite.com 0 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 wavelength / nm l Tim Niggemann (RWTH Aachen) | Status of the SiPM Telescope FAMOUS | 21
Aberration Radius R 90 of the Fresnel Lens / mm 8 90 aberration radius R 7 6 5 q = 0 ° 4 in q = 2 ° in = 3 q ° 3 in q = 4 ° in = 5 q ° 2 in q = 6 ° 2 grooves / mm in q = 1 ° in 1 500 505 510 515 520 525 530 535 540 545 550 lens - focal plane distance z / mm Tim Niggemann (RWTH Aachen) | Status of the SiPM Telescope FAMOUS | 22
Trigger Efficiency of FAMOUS 100 12 90 shower-telescope distance R p / km 80 10 70 trigger probability / % 8 60 50 6 40 30 4 20 2 10 0 15 16 17 18 19 shower energy log 10 ( E/eV ) Tim Niggemann (RWTH Aachen) | Status of the SiPM Telescope FAMOUS | 23
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