! Sophie!Mesplède! Université!Rennes!2! recent developments in my research : probing the boundary between human and non human ! ! ! My#‘non'human#turn’ 1 ,#or#a#general#presentation# ! The!last!time!I!spoke!at!the!SAES!(May!2011),!in!this!very!same!workshop,!it!was! together! with! Charlotte! Gould.! We! were! presenting! a! coJedited! book! which! still! had! to! come!out!:! Marketing*Art*in*the*British*Isles.*1700*to*the*Present.*A*Cultural*History !(Ashgate,! 2014).! For! me,! it! was! the! upshot! of! a! longJstanding! interest! into! some! sort! of! British,! commercial! mindset,! and! the! way! it! intersected! with! and! impacted! on! artistic! practice,! marketing! techniques! but! also! writings! on! art.! My! PhD! had! been! on! a! reproductive! engraver,!George!Vertue!(1683J1756),!whose!resistance!to!the!new!artistic!values!of!his! time!prevented!him!from!completing!a!project,!that!of!a!history!of!the!arts!in!Britain,!that! would!have!contributed!to!the!promotion!of!his!profession.!! ! ! ! At!the!time!(SAES!2011),!I!was!coJorganising!a!second!conference!in!Rennes!on!the! representation! of! animals! in! Britain! (voir! http://animots.hypotheses.org/346),! together! with! an! animal! rights! scholar,! Emilie! Dardenne.! I! was! excited! to! be! part! of! this! new! adventure,! not! just! because! I! happen! to! be! fascinated! by! animals! and! a! great! lover! of! animal!painting,!but!also!because!I!could!see!several!areas!that!I!wanted!to!explore!that! would!connect!with!what!I!had!done!before.!In!particular,!I!started!to!wonder!what!made! artists!turn!to!animals!so!much!as!they!strove!to!define!themselves,!their!practice,!their! status,!and!their!aesthetic!priorities!in!a!shifting,!complex!art!world!in!which!there!were!an! increasing!number!of!players,!not!all!of!them!entirely!sympathetic!to!them.!This!was!going! to!be!the!focal!point!of!my!talk!at!that!conference,!and!is!very!much!the!question!I!have! been!going!back!to!ever!since.! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 1 !I!borrow!the!term!from!Richard!Grusin’s! Introduction !to! The*Nonhuman*Turn* :!‘Intended! as!a!macroscopic!concept,!the!nonhuman!turn!is!meant!to!account!for!the!simultaneous!or! overlapping! emergence! of! a! number! of! different! theoretical! or! «!critical! turns!»! …! that! argue!(in!one!way!or!another)!against!human!exceptionalism,!expressed!most!often!in!the! form!of!conceptual!or!rhetorical!dualisms!that!separate!the!human!from!the!nonhuman!–! variously! conceived! as! animals,! plants,! organisms,! climatic! systems,! technologies,! or! ecosystems.’!(p.!x)! ! 1!
! ! Question#and#Corpus#(start#of#intended#talk,#with#possible#alterations)# ! As!I!delved!into!my!chosen!topic,!I!started!to!look!at!the!usual!sources:!writings,! formal!or!informal,!by!artists!about!their!own!art,!aesthetics,!taste,!their!place!in!society! and! on! the! art! market.! But! also! I! also! scrutinised! their! painted! works!:! initially! selfJ portraits!with!animals,!or!of!fellow!artists!with!animals,!and!gradually!a!wider!variety!of! paintings,! which! I! hope! will! carry! on! expanding.! And,! by! tracking! down! references! to! animals!in!texts,!and!various!animal!motifs!in!paintings,!I!started!to!tease!out!a!definite! sense!of!a!close!kinship!between!these!artists!and!the!non!human!animals!who!shared!their! lives,!a!bond!that!suggested!an!almost!ontological!proximity.! ! ! ! When!he!came!to!talk!to!us!at!our!conference!in!Rennes!back!in!2011,!the!British!art! historian! Steve! Baker! was! then! putting! the! finishing! touch! to! the! manuscript! of! his! Artist/Animal ,!published!in!2013.!Many!contemporary!artists,!Baker!shows!in!his!book,!are! currently!probing!an!imagined!dividing!line!between!humans!and!non!humans.!This!in!an! age,!ours,!that!is!supposed!to!have!proceded!beyond!that!rigid!dichotomy!and!have!grown! somehow!less!anthropocentric.! His# research# made# me# wonder# how,# three# centuries# earlier,#before#the#Darwinian#revolution#but#in#a#sensualist#age#in#many#ways#very# preoccupied#with#animals,#eighteenth'century#artists#positioned#themselves#in#the# debate#on#that#fine#line#(human/#non#human),#where#this#positioning#came#from,#and# what#exactly#was#at#stake.# ! ! ! The!research!I!have!been!able!to!do!since!then!has!convinced!me!that!these!artists! were!already!highly!sensitive!to!the!porosity!of!this!line.!There!were,!of!course,!real!life! experiences!behind!this!early!awareness,!some!artists!having!developped!fantastically!rich! relationships! with! some! of! their! pets.! There! were! also! the! usual! resonances! with!wider! contemporary!debates!about!the!nature!of!animality!(part!instinct,!part!reason,!with!a!scale! sliding!from!one!writer!to!the!next),!but!also!that!of!art!and!aesthetics.!Just!like!the!social! and!economic!realities!of!the!day!also!surfaced!through!what!artists!had!to!write!about!a! similarity! in! treatment! between! themselves! and! animals.! As! is! well! captured! by! the! following!expostulation!by!Thomas!Gainsborough!:!! But!these!fine!Ladies!&!their!(‘DJmnd’! crossed*out )!Tea!drinkings,!Dancings,!Husband! huntings!&c!&c!&c!will!fob!me!out!of!the!last!ten!years,!&!I!fear!miss!getting!Husbands! ! 2!
! too!–!But!we!can!say!nothing!to!these!things!you!know!Jackson,!we!must!Jogg!on!and! be!content!with!the!jingling!of!the!Bel(ls),!only!dJmn!it!I!hate!a!dust,!the!kicking!up!a! dust;!and!being!confined!in!Harn(ess)!to!follow!the!track,!whilst!others!ride!in!the! Waggon,!under!cover,!stretching!their!Legs!in!the!straw!at!Ease,!and!gazing!at!Green! Trees!&!Blue!Skies!without!half!my!Taste!That’s!dJmnd!hard. 2 ! ! ! So!much!has!been!written!recently!about!both!the!exploitation!of!animals!and!that!of! artists!on!the!new!art!market!that!the!simile!used!by!Gainsborough!needs!little!clarifying.!It! certainly!is!interesting,!but!it!is!one!that!tells!us!about!mainly!about!the! social !status!of! artists.! Ultimately,! it! is! the! kind! of! statement! that! does! not! particularly! question! or! challenge!the!human/!non!human!divide .# What!I!was!more!interested!in!sharing!with!you! today!is!my!research!into!an!apparently!popular!metaphor,!that!of!the!painter!as!a!hunting! animal,! that! helps! us! better! understand! how! structural! the! kinship! between! artists! and! animals! was! felt! to! be! ! by! eighteenth! century! writers! on! art,! be! they! professionals! or! scholars. ##NB#:# I!would!like!to!say!at!this!point!that!what!I!am!going!to!talk!about!now!are! ideas!that!I!have!presented!in!an!article!which!is!still!awaiting!review,!!and!whose!outline! you!will!find!in!the!ppt!document!that!I!have!shared!with!you!and!which!contains!a!lot!of! the!sources,!illustrations!and!quotations!used!in!this!article.!!! # (Animal)#Metaphor#into#Paint#:#William#Hogarth’s# Graham&Children #(1742)# ! https://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/paintings/williamJhogarthJtheJgrahamJchildren! ! I!would!like!to!start!this!reflection!by!looking!afresh!with!you!at!a!midJ18th!century! painting!by!William!Hogarth,!that!of!the!Graham!children,!currently!at!the!National!Gallery.! Their! portrait! was! painted! at! the! request! of! the! children’s! father,! the! Royal! Apothecary! Daniel!Graham.!By!the!time!it!was!completed,!the!youngest!son!in!the!bottom!leftJhand! corner!had!died,!an!unhappy!circumstance!signalled!by!the!presence!of!a!wooden!bird!near! him.!The!eldest!son,!on!the!right,!looks!for!his!part!very!much!alive,!and!engrossed!with!a! living!bullfinch!flapping!wildly!in!its!cage.!The!bird’s!excitement!seems!to!be!due!to!the! music! Richard! is! playing! on! a! small! mechanical! organ! on! which,! as! some! sort! of! ironic! counterpoint,! the! classical! God! Orpheus! is! represented! taming! the! wild! beasts! with! the! sound!of!his!lyre.!A!young!artist!in!the!making,!Richard,!whose!broad!grin!betrays!ecstatic! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 2 ! The*Letters*of*Thomas*Gainsborough ,!J.!Hayes!ed.,!Yale!UP,!2001,!p.!68.!Letter!to!William! Jackson.! ! 3!
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