Some Elements of Morphological Theory Course Readings Other Types of Word Formation Compounding Some Elements of Morphological Theory Heads and Affixes Inflectional vs. Derivational Affixes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Some Elements of Course Readings Morphological Theory Course Readings Other Types of Word Formation The following readings have been posted to the Moodle Compounding course site: Heads and Affixes ▶ Contemporary Linguistics: Chapter 4 (pp. 127-143) Inflectional vs. Derivational Affixes The following reading (on Moodle) is not essential, but you might find it helpful/interesting: ▶ Language Instinct: Chapter 5 (119-152) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Some Elements of The Basics of Morphology Morphological Theory The Fundamental Question (for Linguists): What are the rules and mental representations that underlie our Course Readings ability to speak and understand a language? Other Types of Word Formation Infixation Reduplication Last Class: Internal Change (Ablaut) Some of those rules concern the formation of words. Compounding Heads and Affixes Morphological Rule Illustrative Word: Inflectional vs. N → V + /1ô/ player Derivational N → A + /nEs/ happiness Affixes A → V + /@bl / doable " A → V + /iN/ sickening A → A + /1ô/ taller V → /ôi/ + V reinvest A → /2n/ + A uninteresting V → /2n/ + V unlock Morphology: The study of rules of word formation (word structure). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Some Elements of Going Further... Morphological Theory Course Readings ▶ So far, we’ve seen two kinds of morphological rule: Other Types of Word Formation Infixation ▶ Prefixation: Reduplication Internal Change (Ablaut) attaching a prefix to the beginning of a morpheme Compounding ▶ Suffixation: Heads and Affixes attaching a suffix to the end of a morpheme Inflectional vs. Derivational Affixes ▶ These are the main types of morphological rule in English. ▶ However... ▶ There are other types of morphological rules in the languages of the world... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Some Elements of Infixation Morphological Theory Course Readings Other Types of Word Formation Suffix: Infixation Reduplication An affix that attaches to the end of a morpheme. Internal Change (Ablaut) Compounding Heads and Affixes Prefix: Inflectional vs. Derivational An affix that attaches to the beginning of a morpheme. Affixes Infix: An affix that is inserted into a morpheme. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Some Elements of Infixation in Tagalog Morphological Theory Consider the following pairs of words from Tagalog. Course Readings [bili] ‘buy’ [binili] ‘bought’ Other Types of [basa] ‘read (pres)’ [binasa] ‘read (past)’ Word Formation Infixation [sulat] ‘write’ [sinulat] ‘wrote’ Reduplication Internal Change (Ablaut) Compounding Heads and Affixes Inflectional vs. Derivational Affixes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Some Elements of Infixation in Tagalog Morphological Theory Consider the following pairs of words from Tagalog. Course Readings [bili] ‘buy’ [binili] ‘bought’ Other Types of [basa] ‘read (pres)’ [binasa] ‘read (past)’ Word Formation Infixation [sulat] ‘write’ [sinulat] ‘wrote’ Reduplication Internal Change (Ablaut) Compounding Observations: Heads and Affixes ▶ The words on the left are verbs. Inflectional vs. Derivational ▶ The words on the right are verbs. Affixes ▶ The words on the right are just like the ones on the left, except [in] appears after the first sound . ▶ For each of these pairs, the verb with [in] is in the past tense. Hypothesis: Tagalog morphology contains the following rule: ▶ “You can form a V from a V by inserting [in] after the first sound.” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Some Elements of Infixation in English Morphological Theory Consider the following pairs of words from English. Course Readings incredible in-freakin’-credible Other Types of fantastic fan-freakin’-tastic Word Formation Infixation Massachusetts Massa-freakin’-chusetts Reduplication underestimated under-freakin’-estimated Internal Change (Ablaut) Compounding Heads and Affixes Inflectional vs. Derivational Affixes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Some Elements of Infixation in English Morphological Theory Consider the following pairs of words from English. Course Readings incredible in-freakin’-credible Other Types of fantastic fan-freakin’-tastic Word Formation Infixation Massachusetts Massa-freakin’-chusetts Reduplication underestimated under-freakin’-estimated Internal Change (Ablaut) Compounding Observations: Heads and Affixes Inflectional vs. ▶ The words on the left are adjectives, nouns, verbs. Derivational Affixes ▶ The words on the right are also adjectives, nouns, verbs. ▶ The words on the right are just like the ones on the left, except ‘freakin’ appears inside them . Hypothesis: English morphology contains the following rule: ▶ For any word of English, you can form another word by sticking ‘freakin’ inside it. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Some Elements of Constraints on English Infixation Morphological Theory Skeptical Question: Uhm...isn’t this just people saying ‘freakin’ while in the middle Course Readings of saying something else? Other Types of Word Formation Infixation Reduplication Internal Change (Ablaut) Compounding Heads and Affixes Inflectional vs. Derivational Affixes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Some Elements of Constraints on English Infixation Morphological Theory Skeptical Question: Uhm...isn’t this just people saying ‘freakin’ while in the middle Course Readings of saying something else? Other Types of Word Formation Infixation Fun Fact: Reduplication Internal Change (Ablaut) You can’t just put ‘freakin’ anywhere inside a word of English. Compounding Heads and Affixes incredible in-freakin’-credible *incredi-freakin’-ble Inflectional vs. fantastic fan-freakin’-tastic *fantas-freakin’-tic Derivational Massachusetts Massa-freakin’-chusetts *Mass-freakin’-achusetts Affixes underestimated under-freakin’-estimated *underes-freakin’-timated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Some Elements of Constraints on English Infixation Morphological Theory Skeptical Question: Uhm...isn’t this just people saying ‘freakin’ while in the middle Course Readings of saying something else? Other Types of Word Formation Infixation Fun Fact: Reduplication Internal Change (Ablaut) Instead, it has to go just before the syllable receiving ‘main Compounding stress’ Heads and Affixes Inflectional vs. in cre dible in-freakin’- cre dible *in cre di-freakin’-ble Derivational fan ta stic fan-freakin’- ta stic *fan ta s-freakin’-tic Affixes Massa chu setts Massa-freakin’- chu setts *Mass-freakin’-a chu setts under e stimated under-freakin’- e stimated *under e s-freakin’-timated Conclusions: ▶ The insertion of ‘freakin’ is rule governed . ▶ The rule refers to stress, and so it is a ‘linguistic’ rule. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Some Elements of Reduplication Morphological Theory Course Readings Suffixation: Other Types of Word Formation Attaching an affix to the end of a morpheme. Infixation Reduplication Internal Change (Ablaut) Compounding Prefixation: Heads and Affixes Attaching an affix to the beginning of a morpheme. Inflectional vs. Derivational Affixes Infixation: Inserting an affix inside a morpheme. Reduplication: Copying a morpheme, or part of a morpheme. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Some Elements of Reduplication in Bahasa Indonesian Morphological Theory Consider the following pairs of words from Bahasa Indonesian. Course Readings [oraN] ‘man’ [oraN oraN] ‘men’ Other Types of [anak] ‘child’ [anak anak] ‘children’ Word Formation Infixation [maNga] ‘mango’ [maNga maNga] ‘mangoes’ Reduplication Internal Change (Ablaut) Compounding Heads and Affixes Inflectional vs. Derivational Affixes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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