Social security standards Situation in ASEAN Celine Peyron Bista Chief Technical Advisor on Social Protection ILO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific Bogor, 6 March 2017
ILO’s norms for implementing the right to SS C 118 Equality of Treatment (Social Security) Convention, 1962 C 157 Maintenance of Social Security Rights Convention, 1982 C.102 Social Security (Minimum Standards) Convention, 1952 R67 Income Security Recommendation, R69 Medical Care 1944 Recommendation, 1944 C 121 C 128 C 130 C 168 C 183 C 19 Employment Invalidity, Medical Care Employment Maternity Equality of Injury Benefits Old-Age and and Sickness Promotion and Protection Treatment Convention, Survivors' Benefits Protection Convention, 2000 (Accident 1964 Benefits Convention, against Compensation), Convention, 1969 Unemployment 1925 1967 Convention, 1988 R. 202 Social Protection Floors Recommendation, 2012 (No. 202)
Convention No. 102 • Regroups the nine classical social security contingencies into a single comprehensive and legally binding instrument . • Serves as a benchmark and reference • Sets out principles that guide the design, financing, governance and monitoring of national social security systems
Guiding international principles Universality Adequacy Sustainability Transparent and Entitlement to Predictability accountable benefit by law management Solidarity through Inclusive Social inclusion collective participation financing
The ASEAN context • 92 million do not earn enough to escape poverty • Economic and social diversity • Common trends The impact of the AEC Stimulus to innovation and productivity 14 million jobs Inequality
http://www.social- protection.org/gimi/gess/ShowR essource.action?ressource.resso urceId=53336
Low levels of Public Expenditure on Social Protection Social protection expenditure (% GDP) 10 2.27 8 2.54 Average of 4.9% 6 A&P developing countries 5.0% Africa developing countries 5.1% 4 1.99 2.04 1.2 1.03 1.26 1.22 2 0.56 2.95 1.79 2.63 1.74 2.99 1.55 2.83 7.24 6.28 0 BRN CAM IDN LAO MYS PHL SGP THA VNM Social Protection Public Health Care Note: The latest available data (2009 - 2012) Source: Data from ILO (2015) Diversity between countries: • Thailand (9.5%) and Vietnam (8.8%) • Philippines (2.1%); Lao (2.9%) Cambodia 3.1%
Some progress • New branches • Increased coverage • Increased fiscal space (universal schemes) • Better understanding of: - the impact of inequality - the costs of lack of social protection Icon made by Freepik from www.flaticon.com
Large shares of the population still excluded Employment status in ASEAN countries Contributory schemes are not adapted Coverage of non- contributory schemes still very limited Source: World Employment and Social Outlook, ILO, 2015
Social Health Protection Social health coverage Viet Nam 75.0 98.0 Thailand Four countries achieved Singapore 82.0 100.0 (near) universal health Philippines Malaysia 100.0 Lao PDR 11.6 Quality and access Indonesia 59.0 Cambodia 26.1 Brunei Darussalam 100.0 0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 90.0 100.0 Out-of-pocket payment out of total health expenditures 80 71.3 70 61.8 58.6 60 52 48.9 45.3 50 38.2 34.9 40 30 13.1 20 8.1 10 0 BRN CAM IDN LAO MYS MMR PHL SGP THA VNM Icon made by Freepik from www.flaticon.com
Social Protection for Children • 86% completed primary school, but child benefits lacking behind • All countries have school feeding programs • Means-tested social assistance, coverage and efficiency limited (exclusion errors) • Thailand Icon made by Freepik from www.flaticon.com
Social Protection for the Working Age • Formal employees • Legal coverage for work injury varies : 7% to 88% • In many countries, employers’ liabilities - not adequate protection Social Employer Insurance liability Work Injury 8 3 Sickness Benefit 5 7 Maternity Benefits 6 5 Unemployment benefit/ 2 8 Severance payment Icon made by Freepik from www.flaticon.com
Social Protection for the Elderly • 30% of older persons (women even lower) • Social pension in 6 countries (Brunei D. and Thailand, universal coverage) Effective coverage rate for old-age monthly pension Viet Nam 34.50 Thailand 81.70 Singapore 0.00 Philippines 28.50 Malaysia 19.80 Lao PDR 5.60 Indonesia 8.10 Cambodia 5.00 Brunei Darussalam 81.70 0.00 10.00 20.00 30.00 40.00 50.00 60.00 70.00 80.00 90.00 Icon made by Freepik from www.flaticon.com
Recommendations Extend coverage to all Strengthen tax systems Ensure redistribution through social protection Increasing compliance among SMEs, self-employed and informal economy workers Promote tripartite dialogue Vulnerable groups (women, migrant workers, people with disabilities)
Thank you Celine Peyron Bista ILO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific Email: bista@ilo.org
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