Smart Policing in Action 1: Findings and Accomplishments from the - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Smart Policing in Action 1: Findings and Accomplishments from the Smart Policing Initiative (SPI) Phoenix SPI, Port St. Lucie SPI, BJA, and CNA March 4, 2015 This project was supported by Grant No. 2013-DP-BX-K006 awarded by the Bureau of Justice Assistance. The Bureau of Justice Assistance is a component of 1 the Office of Justice Programs, which also includes the Bureau of Justice Statistics, the National Institute of Justice, the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, the Office for Victims of Crime, and the SMART Office. Points of view or opinions in this document are those of the author and do not necessarily represent the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice.

Evaluating the Impact of Officer Worn Body Cameras in the Phoenix Police Department Charles Katz, Mike Kurtenbach, David Choate, Justin Ready March 4, 2015 This project was supported by Grant No. 2011-DB-BX-0018 awarded by the Bureau of Justice Assistance. The Bureau of Justice Assistance is a component of 2 the Office of Justice Programs, which also includes the Bureau of Justice Statistics, the National Institute of Justice, the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, the Office for Victims of Crime, and the SMART Office. Points of view or opinions in this document are those of the author and do not necessarily represent the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice.

City Manager Task Force • Created in April 2010 to address residents’ concerns about Phoenix Police Department interactions with the community • Developed 34 recommendations designed to increase community access to, communication with, and confidence in the Phoenix Police Department • One recommendation called for a pilot program involving the deployment of dashboard cameras 3

Targeted Problems • Violence in general has declined in Phoenix, but domestic violence has remained problematic – Approximately 40,000 incidents of domestic violence are dispatched per year – Domestic violence is one of the top five call types • Shift in relationship with residents – Police community relations are complex in some communities – High-profile events involving police-resident encounters have and continue to occur in these same communities 4

The Technology • Selected Vievu – Self-contained device worn on the torso • Size of a pager – Docking station – Uploaded to Phoenix Police Department servers 5

Quasi-Experimental Design • Repeated measures from the sources below – Police/court data – Administrative records – Officer self-report surveys – Meta-data from cameras – Interviews with officers 6

Equipment Is Easy to Use 100.0 Implementation Date 90.0 80.0 70.0 Percent Agree 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0 October December January March April July October June 2012 2013 2014 Area 82 17.4 10.8 32.4 31.4 75.7 75.7 66.7 61.8 Key takeaway: After implementation, officers found the cameras easier to use than they expected. 7

Incident Reports: Less Time Spent On Paperwork 100.0 90.0 Implementation Date 80.0 70.0 Percent Agree 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0 October December January March April July October June 2012 2013 2014 Area 82 11.4 9.1 8.9 2.3 5.3 0.0 0.0 2.9 Key takeaway: Camera implementation did not decrease the time officers spent on paperwork. 8

Easy to Download Data 100.0 Implementation Date 90.0 80.0 70.0 Percent Agree 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0 October December January March April July October June 2012 2013 2014 Area 82 20.0 18.2 34.4 26.5 21.6 18.4 27.0 23.5 Key takeaway: After implementation, officers were slightly less likely to agree that downloading data was easy. 9

Cameras Should Be Expanded to Other Departments 100.0 Implementation Date 90.0 80.0 70.0 Percent Agree 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0 October December January March April July October June 2012 2013 2014 Area 82 24.2 22.7 15.9 19.0 17.9 8.6 8.1 32.4 Key takeaway: Officers were more likely to agree camera use should be expanded into other departments after several months of implementation. 10

Productivity: Mean Numbers of Arrests 0.14 % change 14.9 0.12 0.12 0.12 % change 0.11 42.6 0.10 0.08 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 0.00 Target Comparison Pre-test Post-test 11

Percentage Change in Complaints Before and After Body Worn Cameras 50 45.1 40 30 20 10.6 10 0 Target Comprison City wide -10 -20 -22.5 -30 12

Percentage of Complaints That Are Unfounded 90 82.2 80 74.2 70 59.1 60 56.5 55.0 50 45.0 40 % % % change change change 30 64.9 39.1 3.5 20 10 0 Target Comparison City wide 13

Use of Body Camera Evidence in Court for Domestic Violence Offenses Investigator use • Evidence storage (information technology) • Prosecutor tracking and review • Court liaison officer • 14

Domestic Violence (DV) Case Flow Pre & Post Camera Deployment Post-Test Post-Test Pre-Test Case Comparison Camera n % n % n % Number of DV-Related 878 100.0 933 100.0 252 100.0 Contacts a 369 42.0 320 34.3 103 40.9 Cases Initiated 333 37.9 243 26.0 90 37.7 Charges Filed 131 14.9 58 6.2 32 12.7 Case Furthered (Not Dismissed) 3.1 4.4 27 11 1.2 11 Plead Guilty 25 2.8 9 0.9 11 4.4 Guilty at Trial a The number of contacts is derived from the DV pocket cards, which included data on 2,063 unique incidents from January 1, 2012, through July 31, 2014, from the Maryvale Precinct. 15

Case Processing Time Number of Days to Process Case to Disposition (N=795) † Post-Test Pre-Test Case Post-Test Camera Comparison mean SD n mean SD n mean SD n All Completed Cases * 95.8 124.30 340 43.5 77.50 266 78.1 105.10 92 Dismissed * 65.3 91.00 201 38.2 67.80 184 56.1 65.90 58 Plead Guilty * 167.7 157.57 104 71.3 100.44 46 131.9 156.40 21 Trial 74.4 90.61 27 114.2 125.06 11 105.5 126.07 11 * Significant at p < 0.05 † Original values ranged from 0 to 756. Values above the 98th percentile of 438 days (n=16) were truncated to 438 to control for outlier cases. 16

Easier To Prosecute DV Offenders 100 90 Implementation Date 80 70 Percent Agree 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 October December January March April July October June 2012 2013 2014 Area 82 52.8 38.6 35.6 55.8 40.5 8.3 14.3 32.4 17

Conclusions Strengths • Decrease in complaints • Increase in unfounded incidents • Increase in arrests (+/-) • Prosecution of domestic violence Challenges • Officer resistance • Information technology costs • Increase time spent on officer paper work • Prosecutor capacity • Redaction 18

E xpe rime nta l T e st o f Offe nde r-Ba se d Po lic e Re spo nse in L o ng -T e rm Pro pe rty Crime Ho t Spo ts Po rt St. L uc ie , F L Po lic e De pa rtme nt F unde d b y Bure a u o f Justic e Assista nc e , Sma rt Po lic ing I nitia tive Pre se nte d b y: L t. Ro b e rto Sa nto s, PhD Dr. Ra c he l Sa nto s, Asso c ia te Pro fe sso r Pro fe ssio na l Sta nda rds Sc ho o l o f Crimino lo g y a nd Crimina l Justic e Po rt St. L uc ie , F L Po lic e De pa rtme nt F lo rida Atla ntic Unive rsity T his pro je c t wa s suppo rte d b y Gra nt No . 2012-DB-BX-0002 a wa rde d b y the Bure a u o f Justic e Assista nc e . T he Bure a u o f Justic e Assista nc e is a c o mpo ne nt o f the Offic e o f Justic e Pro g ra ms, whic h also inc lude s the Bure a u o f Justic e Sta tistic s, the Na tio nal I nstitute o f Justic e , the Offic e o f Juve nile Justic e a nd De linq ue nc y Pre ve ntio n, the Offic e fo r Vic tims o f Crime , a nd the SMART Offic e . Po ints o f vie w o r o pinio ns in this do c ume nt a re tho se o f the a utho r a nd do no t ne c e ssa rily re pre se nt the o ffic ia l po sitio n o r po lic ie s o f the U.S. De pa rtme nt o f Justic e .

Pro je c t Ove rvie w  2012-2014 Sma rt Po lic e I nitia tive (SPI ) g ra nt fro m Bure a u o f Justic e Assista nc e (BJA)  E xpa nd Stra tifie d Po lic ing imple me nta tio n into the a g e nc y to o ffe nde r-b a se d stra te g ie s  Co nduc ting e vide nc e -b a se d re se a rc h: Hig h q ua lity re se a rc h to te st e ffe c tive ne ss o f a g ive n stra te g y  SPI T e a m

K e y Hypo the sis  I f the o ffe nde r-b a se d re spo nse s a re imple me nte d fo r o ffe nde rs who live in hig h c rime a re a s,  T he re will b e a re duc tio n o f c rime in tho se a re a s  Sinc e the o ffe nde rs a re like ly c o mmitting so me o f the ir c rime s ne a r whe re the y live .

Pro je c t Ove rvie w  Ra ndo mize d c o ntro lle d tria l (RCT )  Offe nde r-b a se d stra te g ie s imple me nte d in lo ng -te rm ho t spo ts o f pro pe rty c rime  Applic a tio n to o the r a g e nc ie s: ~ Use simple a nd re a listic a na lysis o f o ffe nde rs ~ Re spo nse s a lso re a listic fo r sub urb a n a re a s with a ve ra g e le ve ls o f c rime a nd “a ve ra g e o ffe nde rs”