INL/MIS-15-34247 Small Modular Reactor Design and Deployment IREA 10/14/2018 www.inl.gov
INL SMR Activities • INL works with all vendors to provide fair access to the laboratory benefits • INL works with industry on SMR technology and deployment • INL is supporting multiple LWR SMR vendors – Small, <300MWe reactors and less expensive reactors compared to current LWR reactors (Small) – Often, but not always, multiple reactors at the same site that can be deployed as power is needed (Modular) – Primary cooling system and reactor core in a single containment structure, but not always (Reactors) – Factory built, usually, which improves quality and costs • Integrated PWR SMR’s are closest to deployment – designed to be inherently safer and simple – primary reactor system inside a single factory built containment vessel – Higher dependence on passive systems to simplify operation and design
Reactor Power Nuclear Plant Power Los Angeles Class Submarine -26 MW 5000 Enterprise Class Aircraft Carrier 8x 4000 Thermal Power MW Nimitz Class Aircraft Carrier 2x97MW, 194MW Unit Power 3000 Plant Power NuScale Reactor 12 x 60MW, 720MWe 2000 Cooper BWR, 800MWe 1000 Westinghouse AP-1000, 1000MWe 0 European Pressurized Reactor, 1650MWe
Multiple Units • SMR Nuclear Power Plants are built with multiple reactors – NuScale Nuclear Power Plant 12 units 60 MWe • Benefit of smaller size • Factory building of critical safety components • Fit on grid with fewer changes to high power electrical grid • Allows operational flexibility and alternate uses • Unique operational challenges – Units in different operating modes at the same time • Maintenance • Outage • Power changes
Integrated Reactor SMR reactor and full primary system in one vessel Simplified systems Fewer Failure Modes PWR Reactor IPWR Reactors
Factory Built Not a reactor but similar quality and complexity
Challenges to Nuclear Power • AP600 licensing started in 1985 • Two AP1000 Power Plants are being built currently – Licensing started in 2002 – Westinghouse experienced vendor – Westinghouse declared bankruptcy after $9B in debt building reactors – Construction started in VC Summer 3/2013 online in 2017 • $9.8B+$1.2B project cost • 1 year schedule slip to 2017 • Construction stopped in 3/17 – Construction Started on Vogtle 3/2013 – $14B project cost – currently $25B – Georgia Power $18.5B Capitalization – Oglethorpe Power $3.9B Capitalization – EXELON $30B Capitalization – Schedule is set for 2021 and 2022 on the grid. – Requires utility cost collection before completion
iPWR Solutions • Cost – Smaller size, smaller inputs, smaller projects • $225M/Reactor, $3.0B Nuclear Power Plant • Can be installed in stages • Smaller changes in required grid • Factory built – Reduces construction uncertainties – Changes quality control – Less uncertainty in schedule • Economic Flexibility – Smaller units operating economically – Complex power grid with renewables • Improved safety NuScale plant showing multiple reactors with – Simplified largely below grade construction – Integrated – Passive – Below grade construction • Easier to license – Accelerated approval
Nuscale • No operator action • No electricity • No additional water • Gravity driven circulation • No external power needed for emergency systems • Passive decay heat removal system • ECCS floods containment • Air cooling long term cooling
NuScale Single unit • 160 MWt, 60 MWe, 28% efficient 12 units per plant planned 720 MWe total • Vessel 2.7m diameter, 20m high, 264t • Rail, truck or barge shipping • Natural circulation operation • ECCS is passive and depends on natural circulation NuScale plant showing multiple reactors with largely below grade construction
Nuscale • Winners of second DOE licensing funding opportunity ~$250M • Developing NRC licensing application submitted at the end of 2016, approval in 2020. • INL supported the developing safety evaluation code, RELAP-5 3D, to perform licensing calculations • Initial preferred site selection completed. • Evaluation of site for DOE licensing starting in 2019. • Scheduled on-line in 2026.
Initial Steps • DOE Licensing Technical Support (LTS) Program started in 2012 • Discussions with vendors and companies started in 2013 • Proposals initially looking for significant support • Primarily advanced reactor designs • Combinations of research and demonstration • Licensing ambiguity • Limited funding for siting • Start pf mPower (2013) and NuScale (2014) Support Land Use Agreement • Need agreement to allow DOE to host a commercial nuclear reactor • Defines how site support, responsibility and regulation (20 months) • DOE and UAMPS signed agreement to select, develop and operate a SMR nuclear power plant on the INL site. • Use agreement allows commercial, NRC license and a commercial power plant to operate on an approved site. • INL and CFPP operations will be separate. Needed interface and access will be established and allowed in agreement. • CFPP will operate under local, state and federal regulations. 12
Siting Process • UAMPS using a NRC approved EPRI process. (EPRI, “ Siting Guide: Site Selection and Evaluation Criteria for an Early Site Permit Application ”, Mar 21, 2002 ) • Define a region of interest. – Reasonable area that can support needs of the project – Large enough that potential sites can be differentiated • Large number of sites are evaluated on initial priorities – INL has GIS data on ~250 site characteristics – INL provided data on 19 potential sites. – Down select to 4 preferred sites • Established procedure allows INL/DOE to evaluate new proposals – Being used on two new projects • Advanced SMR reactor • Unique technology activity 13
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CFPP Site Options
Joint Use Modular Plant – JUMP program • DOE is looking to increase value of SMR and current LWR nuclear power plants. • NuScale reactors allow development of beyond the grid applications. • New applications can be demonstrated. – District Heating – Drying applications – Water desalination – Hydrogen production – Grid stability • Initial lab scale demonstration leads to industrial partners and products. • Enable nuclear supply chain solutions • Evaluate and inform new regulatory approaches DOE Evaluating Power Purchase • DOE is looking to by power from the Carbon Free Power Project. • Provides fixed sales and reliable power to INL. • Requires cooperation of multiple power sales companies.
Terrestrial Energy USA INL selected as site for TE-USA loan guarantee • INL provided TE-USA with a siting document based on our siting experience with UAMPS/NuScale • DOE and INL signed MOU’s with TE -USA to support Part 2 application, which will be submitted next week. INL is supporting Hybrid Energy for TE-USA • INL and TE-USA are exploring higher-temperature commercial demonstrations of the Hybrid Energy Systems (HES) proposed for UAMPS/ NuScale’s JUMP proposal. TE-USA setting schedule for reactor design submittal to NRC TE-USA is engaged in licensing discussions Terrestrial Energy IMSR 20
INL Siting of Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) Initial or development discussions with vendors on siting options and conc GEH Prism NuScale • • Fast test and power proposal Lead IPWR SMR • OKLO NRC design submittle • 2 MW portable reactor Westinghouse Elysium • Lead reactor concept • • Small molten salt reactor Micro reactor concept Terrestrial Energy Transatomic Power • • Molten salt reactor Molten salt power reactor • Advanced design status NGNP Alliance Terrapower • HTGR • 2 advanced reactor designs Flibe Energy • Adapting deployment strategy • sCO 2 thorium molten salt reactor General Atomics Tri Alpha Energy • Fast HTGR • Fusion System Holtec DOD • IWPR design • Pulsed test reactor X-energy Molten Salt Critical Test Loop • 200 MWth Pebble bed reactor • Low Power material test reactor Micro Reactors Fast Spectrum DOE Test Reactor • • Less than 20 MWe New material test reactor 21
Conclusions • SMRs designs address many of the barriers to increased use of nuclear energy – Cost – Schedule – Uncertainty – Safety • SMR designs may allow improved economics • Open issues remain on SMR licensing, deployment, economics and market • INL is supporting multiple companies with different capabilities. – Siting, fuels, reactor design, safety codes, testing, power technology • SMR market is rapidly developing. • Many levels of maturity are displayed by the industry.
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