Slide 1 GENOMIC RESEARCH PRESENTATION AT INTERNATIONAL YAK ASSOCIATION 2018 DENVER MEMBERSHIP MEETING By Lawrence G. Richards Chair IYAK Genome Committee SPEAKER NOTES TEXT - In blue The This is a 3 section presentation. Slides 1 thru 3 cover the Mechanics of The Generation Program. A detailed introduction was written by Larry Richards and communicated via IYAK Newsletter to the Membership. Explain the limitations of the Appendix B Program: Restricts the possible introduction of heterozygosity into the NAYR by requiring backcrossing to Foundation animals. Limitations on detection of Charolais hybrids by Dc testing when the dilution color drops out.
Appendix G Slide 2 1.0 All unknowns in North America (NA) may apply. NOTES: 2.0 RegCom will oversee the Application Process. Covers the 8 Rules of the Appendix G. Program 3.0 Any Applicant that exceeds the 10 cattle allele threshold will automatically be denied registration. and explain the cattle introgression testing by 4.0 One high quality photograph showing one side with the head facing the camera. GeneSeek and the 5.0 As the only white yaks in NA are from Charolais hybridization all white yaks will be rejected essence of the 10 allele outright. threshold: 6.0 Applicants from known hybridization programs regardless of their color will be excluded based on A 15/16ths hybrid would the following: have 12 (estimate) • RegCom may mandate Parental Verification to all breeding age animals within the known alleles and be rejected hybridization program. by the testing requirement for 10 or • Any Applicant thus connected by PV to any known hybrid will thus be excluded. less alleles. • RegCom may require Dc or Dh testing. A 1/32ths hybrid would • RegCom may interview involved personnel as part of their investigation. have 6 alleles( estimate) 7.0 For a IYAK member to knowingly misrepresent an Applicant (of any color) from a hybridization and would slide thru. program will be considered a violation of the Code of Ethics resulting in immediate and irrevocable Hence Rules 5 thru 6. termination of IYAK membership. Testing 95 SNPs x 2 = 190 8.0 For an IYAK member to knowingly sell as registrable with NAYR an Applicant (of any color) from a for a diploid organism. known hybridization program will also be considered a violation of the Code of Ethics resulting in the immediate and irrevocable termination of IYAK Membership.
Slide 3 Appendix-B Registry ry Progression - RECAP NOTES: At each level it is required to breed to a) B0 X B0 = B0 an animal from the next higher level to b) Foundation X B0 =B1 advance in the progression. Exception B1 X B0 c) B2 X B0 = B1 does not advance. d) B1 X B0 = B0 e) B1 X B1 =B1 f) Foundation X B1 = B2 g) B2 X B1 = B2 h) B2 X B2 = B2 i)Foundation X B2 = B3 (= Foundation) NOTE: As of 3/1/2016, no new animals were accepted into the Appendix-B Registry. Offspring of appendix- registered parents (B0, B1 and B2 animals) are still eligible for registration according to the Appendix-B Program Progression outlined above.
Appendix -G Registry ry Slide 4 a. G0 - a yak without known sire and/or dam, which has no more than 10 cattle alleles (DNA tested by NOTES: Explain the progression. GeneSeek), and has been approved by the Registration Committee (or Board of Directors in the Must match or exceed the number of situation the Registration Committee does not approve the yak for registration). generations of recorded pedigree at both top and bottom of the pedigree to advance. b. G1 = G0xG0, G0xG1, G0xG2, G0xB0, G0xB1, G0xB2 or G0xFoundation All progeny must meet the o AND has no more than 10 cattle alleles (DNA tested by GeneSeek) and has been approved by introgression threshold testing at the Registration Committee (or Board of Directors in the situation the Registration each level to advance. Even progeny Committee does not approve the yak for registration). from Foundation animals rejected if o A G1 has one generation of pedigree, but does not have two complete generations of exceed the threshold. This pedigree. requirement not held to the animals already in the Foundation or c. G2 = G1xG1, G1xG2, G1xB1,G1xB2 or G1xFoundation Appendix B Program. Market AND has no more than 10 cattle alleles (DNA tested by GeneSeek) and has been approved by pressures will neutralize any the Registration Committee (or Board of Directors in the situation the Registration Committee Foundation animals producing does not approve the yak for registration). offspring exceeding the 10 allele A G2 has two generations of pedigree, but does not have three complete generations of threshold. pedigree One NAYR with three entry points: d. G3 = Foundation = G2xG2, G2xB2 or G2xFoundation Foundation. o AND has no more than 10 cattle alleles (DNA tested by GeneSeek) and has been approved by the Registration Committee (or Board of Directors in the situation the Registration Appendix B. Committee does not approve the yak for registration). Appendix G. o A G3 has three generations of pedigree which qualifies it for registration in the Foundation Registry. All lead to one Registry. The NAYR.
Payment Slide 5 1. For a Foundation or Appendix-B Yak: Registration plus DNA analysis by o This requirement is to establish a Parental Verification link between the GeneSeek -$65 if the sire has had his DNA previously analyzed by UC Davis verified pedigree and the GeneSeek data base. GeneSeek. o If the DNA of the sire has not been previously tested by If Sire Is Not Known- Foundation, Appendix-B and Appendix-G: GeneSeek, there is a one- time $25 charge to process the sire so his DNA information will be in the GeneSeek data base for a. A second sire may be submitted at no cost if the sire's DNA has been parentage testing. previously been processed by GeneSeek. If the sire's DNA has not been o This requirement is to establish a Parental Verification link previously processed by GeneSeek, there will be a one-time charge of $25 for between the UC Davis verified pedigree and the GeneSeek data the sire's DNA to be processed by GeneSeek and entered into their data base. bank. o If the DNA of the dam has not been previously been tested by GeneSeek as a special concession, IYAK has agreed to pay the cost b. Additional sires may be submitted. If their DNA has been previously ($25) of the GeneSeek testing of the dam for the first year the processed by GeneSeek, there will be a $10 charge per additional sire GBPR is open. submitted for possible parental verification. If their DNA has not been 2. For an Appendix-G Yak: Registration plus DNA analysis by GeneSeek-$65 previously processed by GeneSeek, there will be a one-time charge of $25 for each sire's DNA to be processed by GeneSeek and entered into their data 3. For an Appendix-G Yak - G1,G2 or G3 (=Foundation): Registration plus bank. DNA analysis by GeneSeek -$65 if the sire has had his DNA previously analyzed by GeneSeek. If Dam Is Not Known- Foundation, Appendix-B and Appendix-G: o If the DNA of the sire has not been previously tested by GeneSeek, there is a one- time $25 charge to process the sire so a. Testing for each additional dam is $50. This will include the GeneSeek DNA his DNA information will be in the GeneSeek data base for analysis if the dam's DNA has not been previously analyzed by GeneSeek. parentage testing. NOTE: Additional dams and sires after the fifth will be referred to the Registration Committee for review.
DNA Replication Slide 6 that can be opened to unravel the DNA helix for Replication and RNA Transcription. In contrast the deoxyribose phosphate polymer side chains (hand rails) are held together by high energy bonds that require enzymes to make or break. The enzyme DNA Polymerase (chain length 1100 aa) is the little machine that replicates each unwound chain to create 2 identical DNA molecules for cell division and egg and sperm production. The ordering of the new chains is determined by the base pairing of A ( adenine) to T (thymine) and G (guanine) to C(Cytosine) as seen in the sequence on the original unwound DNA strands. The reaction catalyzed by DNA polymerase is driven by the release of a pyrophosphate (double phosphate) from the nucleotide triphosphate precursors ( A, T, G, C ) and accompanied by energy release which drives the reaction forward. All cell reactions are driven by the flow of energy. All this cellular energy starting with photosynthesis driven by the sun. ATP one of the 4 nucleotide precursors is one of the primary energy carriers in cellular organisms. NOTES: Yaks are diploid organism with 2 homologous chromosomes one The 2 strands of the original DNA polymer are stereochemical paternal derived and one maternal derived. 30 chromosomes, 20,000 opposites running in opposite directions, hence we see one DNA genes and 3 billion nucleotide pairs. Average 667 genes per chromosome polymerase enzyme replicating in one direction and the other DNA (my assumption). polymerase enzyme replicating in the other direction. (fun stuff that doesn’t relate to yak breeding tonight). Compare the double helix to a spiral staircase with 2 handrails held Remember these bases and their pairing when we explain the new together by nucleotide base pairs (the steps). The nucleotide base pairs GeneSeek testing interpretations. are AT, TA and GC and CG. The base pair bonds are weak hydrogen bonds
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