Shouldnt teens How Do We Best Equip Police to still know Handle - PDF document

3/24/18 Shouldn’t teens How Do We Best Equip Police to still know Handle Youth? RIGHT from A Developmental Approach to Policing WRONG?!? SURE...but that’s not the whole story. How Do Gabriella Celeste We Best Equip mgc36@case.edu Ohio Collaborative Community-Police Police to Handle Advisory Board Youth? March 26, 2018 1 2 What We Mean by Police-Youth Interactions How Do “Culture Eats Policy for Lunch” or We Best “Developmentally-Informed” Equip Why Standards Matter Policies & Practices ? Police to “Youth” Matters… Clarity of Handle expectations Youth? Consistency Accountability Legitimacy 3 4 Police-Child/Youth Encounters – Police-Child/Youth Encounters What’s the Data Tells Us Potential for Harm...Ohio Stories National ER Study: Over 3 years - 15,613 injuries from police interventions with kids under 17 1 in 4 5 6 1

3/24/18 How Do We Best IACP Report 2014 Equip Police to Police Chief and SRO Survey Findings (2013) Handle Youth? Expressed general lack of training or guidance beyond basic security and technical training on Leadership should: youth interactions. Common training gaps: • Train using - De-escalation techniques with kids developmentally appropriate responses - Dealing with trauma-related behaviors to youth - Adolescent development & psychology • Develop response - Securing respect and cooperation with youth protocols - Behavioral precautions and protections • Promote collaborations needed for youth with special needs 7 HOW We Police Matters: HOW We Police Matters: Procedural Justice & Youth Procedural Justice & Youth Perception of being UNFAIR/AGGRESSIVE STOPS & FRISKS treated FAIRLY > Stress/Anxiety > LEGITIMACY of LE > Trauma < CYNICISM of LE < Reporting > Likelihood of < Cooperation Compliance with LE LEGAL SOCIALIZATION > “Labeling Effect” < Likelihood of Future Police have unique Offending > Likelihood of opportunity for positively Future Offending influencing lives of youth 9 10 Serious Youth Offenders: 4 Key Lessons How Do We Best Understanding the Teen ( Pathways to Desistance - 1,354 youth over 7 yrs) Equip Police to Brain & WHY It Matters for Handle Youth? Police BIGGEST TAKEAWAY: Most youth mature out of crime - Majority are not violent chronic offenders - Youth perceptions of Fairness of treatment influences their future behavior - Risk of “ over-programmed youth ” “CEO” part of brain not “Use it or Lose it” fully developed until mid- 20s ( Loughran, T. et al, 2015 ) 11 12 2

3/24/18 “Hot” vs. “Cold” Cognition How Do We Best Developmental Implications: In the Presence of Peers & Equip Police to [the Teen Brain] Stress Handle Youth? • Identity & Peer Dynamics • Competence Issues Potential for False Confessions 13 “Equal Justice Under the Law” How US & Ohio Courts Rely on Teen Brain & Developmental Science to Inform Law 16 year-old’s statement to police suppressed - even where Pablo signed a waiver & videotaped : “When the suspect is a juvenile, the totality of the circumstances includes "the juvenile's age, experience, education, background, and intelligence" as well as his "capacity to understand the warnings given him, the nature of his Fifth Amendment rights, and the consequences of waiving those rights .”... Ohio v. Pablo (12/5/17), Ohio v. Barker (2016) 15 16 How Do We How do we Best Equip Police: Ways to IACP Recommended Best Practices : Best Equip Juveniles & Potential for False Promote Fairness & Improve Youth- Police to Confessions Police Interactions using Handle Developmental Approach How to secure a “good” Youth? statement: • Initial contact – In the Presence of Peers… • Modeling Authority & Dialing Back - Child sensitive behavioral analysis • Voice & Neutrality - Care with Miranda • Warn & Release warnings • Miranda & Interrogation - Presence of Friendly Adult • Detention Diversion – Community Partnerships - Length of Questioning - Wrongful Convictions - Time of Questioning - Public Safety • Create regular opportunities for positive interaction - Tactics to Avoid - Impact on Youth • Involve youth in educating peers on the work of police - Credibility of LE and the criminal justice system (i.e. JJJ) 17 18 - Costs to City & Officers 3

3/24/18 How Do We Best Understanding How Do We Best Police-Youth Encounters Equip Police to Equip Police to IMPLICIT bias? Context Matters Handle Youth? Handle Youth? 19 20 Navigating police is a “Developmental Age Matters Even More in the Context of Race : Implicit Bias & Implications for Policing Youth Milestone” for Black Children Goff & Jackson (2014): Black boys as young as 10 Police encounters “mark a not viewed as “innocent” as white peers. Due to premature exit from implicit bias, Black boys are more likely to: adolescence for black kids” – Be mistaken as older by 4 ½ yrs avg (Dr. Carla Shedd) – Be perceived as guilty – Face police violence “Black boys seen as responsible for their actions at an age when white boys still benefit from the assumption that children are essentially innocent.” 21 22 Youth Interaction How Do We Best How Do We Best Police Youth Interactions Equip Police to Equip Police to Policies for Elements of a Handle Youth? Handle Youth? Law Enforcement Comprehensive Policy Agencies • Developmentally- • Purpose & Definitions Appropriate • Initial Contact with Youth & Diversion • Use of Force & De-Escalation • Trauma-Informed • Arrest, Custody & Transportation • Equitable • Miranda, Interviews & Interrogation of Youth • Adhere to best • Special Circumstances & Special Youth Populations practices & current laws • Data Collection • Training 24 4

3/24/18 How Do We Best How Do We Best Training Key Equip Police to Equip Police to Core SFY Police Takeaways Handle Youth? Handle Youth? Training Components 1. INITIAL interaction with youth • Developmental Explanation of Normative Teen Behaviors sets the tone • Lessons from Psychology & Psychiatry: Tactics for Working 2. HOW kids are treated sets the with Compromised Teens course for future • Legal Aspects of Police Involvement with Youth • Demographic Overview of Youth & Implications for Behavior 3. Kids are especially sensitive to • Cultural Issues Affecting Adult/Youth Interactions perceived FAIRNESS - need to • Strategies for Asserting Authority & Getting Compliance feel heard from Teens—Without Arrest or Use of Force • Recognizing and Addressing Implicit Bias 3. DON’T take it personal • Developing & Using Community-Based Partnerships 5. DE-escalate, Communicate and • Youth Engagement with Officers De-escalate 25 26 Strategies to Improve Police-Youth Encounters Growing (post-Settlement Agreement in CLE) consensus on Importance of Positive Police- Youth Interactions Mental Health Response Advisory Committee 27 28 5