Role of Rare Metals in Material Technology and the Way to Substitute them Kohmei HALADA National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS) Tsukuba, 305-0047, Japan
How many products are damaged by the lack of 1kg of rare metal Digital camera laptopPC laptopPC Digital camera LiB 200,000 3700 430 3600 1200 cellphone cell phone Digital camera laptopPC 6000 laptopPC 5900 90,000 100,000 7100 LED 2.6million laptopPC laptopPC Cell Phone LED 1100 5900 Cell phone 630 120,000 710,000
National Institute for Materials Science under the control of MEXT
Relationship among the three research field in the 3rd Five-year plan Social Needs Social Needs Materials for energy, environment and resource Materials for energy, environment and resource • New materials for renewable energy • New materials for renewable energy • New materials for energy efficiency • New materials for energy efficiency • Heat resistive, light ‐ weight, and robust materials with Reliable and Safe • Heat resistive, light ‐ weight, and robust materials with Reliable and Safe • New materials for strategic use of minor chemical elements • New materials for strategic use of minor chemical elements Nanotechnology Nanotechnology Advanced common Advanced common Nano ‐ scale materials Nano ‐ scale materials technologies technologies • Material Synthesis in nanoscale • Material Synthesis in nanoscale • Materials Analysis • Materials Analysis • Nanoscale system optimized for • Nanoscale system optimized for • Simulation • Simulation emerging novel property emerging novel property • Design and Synthesis • Design and Synthesis 4
Material for Power Generation and Storage Material for Power Generation and Storage Nd,Dy La, Ce La,Ce,Pr Ce,Gd Y,La,Gd
Next generation photovoltaics Next generation photovoltaics
Basic Research on Superconductive towards energy saving Basic Research on Superconductive towards energy saving
Next-Generation Refrigeration “Magnetic Refrigeration”
New materials enable more efficient use of thermal energy New materials enable more efficient use of thermal energy
Light- Light -weight high weight high- -performance hybrid materials performance hybrid materials
Wide-band-gap materials for optics and electronics Tb,La,Ce Eu Y,Eu
Energy efficient Magnetic Material
Major Metal Major Metal established global market Iron Fe steal 1,500,000,000 ton 200,000,000 ton Al, Mg Light metal Cu,Pb,Zn, 30,000,000 ton metal Base metal Sn,NI Precious 25 ton Au,Ag,PGM metal Non-ferous alcaline , Ca, K, Na etc. metals earth Only several hundred ppm 150,000 ton REE of metal Small amount others but great 100,000 ton impact Minor Metal Minor Metal Co,Ta,Li etc. small market size Rare metal Circulate with ,Cd,Bi,Se,Te, 200,000 ton economically unstable Cu Ga,Ge,In Circulate with Mn,Cr,Mo, Resource ‐ view Weight is important to Fe V,W,Nb discuss Rare Metals
Resource( ‐ end) ‐ view weight Consumer end Consumer end Resource end Resource end transport 11,800km extraction mining 1kg metal 6kg concentrates 300kg ore Metals and Overburden ? t 14 TMR: Total Materials Requirements, or Ecological rucksacks
Photo by Taniguchi
TMR coefficients of metals (size of the bubble is proportional to the digit number) Li Be B 1,500 2,500 140 Na Mg Al Si 50 70 48 34 Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br2 90 2,000 36 1,500 26 14 8 600 260 360 36 14,000 120,000 29 70 1,500 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te 133 500 2,700 550 640 750 80,000 2,300,000 810,000 4,800 7 4,500 2,500 42 270,000 Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Pb Bi 10,000 6,800 190 20,000 540,000 400,000 520,000 1,100,000 2,000 28 180 Ra 28,000,000 La Ce Pr Nd Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu 3,100 2,000 8,000 3,000 9,000 20,000 10,000 30,000 9,000 25,000 12,000 40,000 12,000 45,000 Th U 9,000 22,000 18
1kg R.E.E. is nearly equivalent to 1 ton Fe by environmental view 10,000,000 Rh Au 1,000,000 Pd Pt Ir Ru 100,000 Tb Ho Eu,Tm,Yb,Lu Ce,Sm,Gd,Dy TMR coeff. ton/ ton-metal Nd Er In 10,000 Ga Ag Pr,La Y Sn Be V 1,000 Bubble size presents Tl Cu Ni Co Bi the degree of toxicity 100 Cd Sb Zn Cr Mn 10 Fe 1 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000 Total material CO2 ton-CO2/ ton-metal requirement CO2 emission during ≈ mining and extraction Waist from mining
H The Elements • {(annual production)/(crust exist ion)} normalized by Fe as 100 He depletion • Resource ‐ view weight: tons of TMR for 1kg of metal production TMR with sustainability parameters dominatio • Share % 0f top country of production, country code n • Increase of production from 1999 to 2009, (%) acceleration Li Be B C N O F Ne 0.63 0.05 475 Optical function Display & its porishing Magnet, motor 1.5 2.5 0.14 41C 86 U 47T Information media Fire retardant Batteries L K S 120 M 42 Thermoelectric, Solar cell 101 IC tips and parts Si Cl Na Al P S Ar Catalyst, electrode Electric wiring g 0.06 (7411 0.4 1 483 904 0.03 lightning Structural material ) 0.05 0.01 65 C 56 0.07 31 CN 35 CN N 100 M 163 114 126 82 CN 169 130 Cr Cu K 215 Ti V Co Ni Zn Ge Br Ca Sc Fe Ga As Se Kr n 121 185 4 0.1 2 15 116 959 1 (1543 32 3 100 1 0.1 235 316 0.04 1.5 0.61 0.26 0.04 32 66 ) 0.09 2. 0.03 0.36 7.3 0.03 0.45 0.008 26 C 23 A 37 C 40 C 19 R 28 C 71 C 0.01 42 Z 39 CN 34C 47 50JP M A N G U N N 38IL U 22 C 237 A 165 L 157 129 119 99 220 135 Rh 219 125 Ag 131 241 Sn 86 I N Sr Zr Nb 180 Ru Pd 125 Cd Sb Rb Y Tc In Te Xe o 163 34 322 161 ( 570 10 70 33 36 206 991 986 2 230 4 63 9 95 140 ) 0.51 0.55 0.64 79 810 0.07 1 0.13 2.7 0 4.8 12 2.5 10 6 48E 41 A 92B 79Z 41Z 23 C 0.06 79Z 18P 37 C 44JP 59C 0.75 50 CN S R A A N 91 CN U 371 A L 250 88 L 25 U N (Ln 133 151 335 119 156 94 Pb 136 Hf Ta Os 85 Ir Pt Au 134 Hg 153 159 S Cs Ba W Re Tl Bi Po At Rn ) 155 685 104 12 0.3 4 375 337 12392 184 765 110 0.5 5 770 ‐ 5 6.8 540 400 530 110 2 0.01 0.51 0.2 18 0.4 0.03 0.22 ‐ 10 48 A 79Z 79Z 79Z 0 63 C 48 CL 43 C 81 CN 62 CN 97 C A A A 13 CN N U 147 185 118 67 221 N ( An N 151 245 40 118 101 56 128 162 Fr Ra P La Ce ) Pr Nd Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu m 15 14 9 11 11 2 8 3 5 2 4 24 4 5 8.2 18 7.9 12 16 33 17 55 16 30 12 32 32 32 371 295 90* * * Ac Th Pa U * Estimated by import of Japan, ( ) amount in crust is less than in sea water Data form 米国鉱山局データ USGS minerals information 工業レアメタル (Kogyo rare metal) Japanese journal 22 「概説 資源端重量」 NIMS ‐ EMC data on mat. & env. No.18 http://www.nims.go.jp/genso/ Halada, Katagiri, Proc. of EcoBalance 2010 p609
Elements Science and Technology Project Elements Science and Technology Project - Designing Material Functions through Fundamental Research on Elements’ Roles - started 2007 GENSO SENRYAKU An elemental strategy projec Background Rare earths and other rare metals utilized for electronics, automotives, information technologies, and robotics are facing their price increase and tight supply due to the rapid increase of their consumptions and export policies of producing countries. Project Outline Establish sciences on the roles of critical elements in materials to use alternative elements R&D Aspects on Research Subjects 1. Alternative materials composed of ubiquitous and nonhazardous elements 2. Advanced utilization of functions stemming from strategic elements 3. Practical material design for the effective use of strategic elements METI also started Rare Metal Substitution Project in 2007 22
started 2007 Approach of Minimization: Material design of higher resource efficiency, namely reduction in quantity per function, is expected as immediate measure. Nano-technology is powerful in this approach Approach of Substitution to more abundant element: Material design with nano-technology has the possibility of functional design with other chemicals and elements. Band gap design electron orbit design with nano-technology give us various possibility Approach of Circulation : Japan has a great possibility of urban mining. Nano- technologies such as molecular identification expected to provide new tool to selective concentration from waste, 23
Sialon Fluorescent Material with High Brightness and High Efficiency Research Research Durable phosphors have been developed by introducing the impact impact luminescent ions such as Eu into the crystal of SiAlONs. • Superior to durability and high temperature stability • Excitation by blue LED minimization
Neodymium Magnet without Dysprosium • A method for increasing the coercivity of neodymium Research magnet powder without using dysprosium Research impact • Thickening of the Nd-rich grain boundary phase could be impact attributed to the coercivity enhancement. Initial Powder Diff. Processed 3DAP map of Nd and Cu of the diffusion processed sample • The systematic nanostructure analysis of existing neodymium magnets using 3D Atom Probe reveals that the coercivity can be improved by decoupling the ferromagnetic interactions between the crystal grains. REE free Scripta Materialia, 63, 1124 (2010)
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