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Risk, Minimum Risk Training, Reinforcement Learning Graham Neubig - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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CS11-747 Neural Networks for NLP Risk, Minimum Risk Training, Reinforcement Learning Graham Neubig Site https://phontron.com/class/nn4nlp2020/ <latexit

  1. CS11-747 Neural Networks for NLP Risk, Minimum Risk Training, Reinforcement Learning Graham Neubig Site https://phontron.com/class/nn4nlp2020/

  2. <latexit sha1_base64="GeA/Os4/BK6Zz954iZvfPtPrQE=">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</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="GeA/Os4/BK6Zz954iZvfPtPrQE=">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</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="GeA/Os4/BK6Zz954iZvfPtPrQE=">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</latexit> Maximum Likelihood Training • Maximum the likelihood of predicting the next word in the reference given the previous words ` ( E | F ) = − log P ( E | F ) T X = − log P ( e t | F, e 1 , . . . , e t − 1 ) t =1 • Also called "teacher forcing"

  3. Problem 1: Exposure Bias • Teacher forcing assumes feeding correct previous input, but at test time we may make mistakes that propagate encoder I I I I classify classify classify classify classify I I I I I • Exposure bias: The model is not exposed to mistakes during training, and cannot deal with them at test

  4. Problem 2: Disregard to Evaluation Metrics • In the end, we want good outputs • Good translations can be measured with metrics, e.g. BLEU or METEOR • Some mistaken predictions hurt more than others, so we'd like to penalize them appropriately

  5. Error and Risk

  6. 
 
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 ˆ E P ( ˜ E = argmax ˜ E | F ) • Calculate its "badness" (e.g. 1-BLEU, 1-METEOR) 
 error( E, ˆ E ) = 1 − BLEU( E, ˆ E ) • We would like to minimize error

  7. Problem: Argmax is Non- differentiable • The argmax function makes discrete zero-one decisions • The gradient of this function is zero almost everywhere, not-conducive to gradient-based training

  8. <latexit sha1_base64="iwD7OmBG4KhDZEWl5K36ziE3oIk=">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</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="iwD7OmBG4KhDZEWl5K36ziE3oIk=">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</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="iwD7OmBG4KhDZEWl5K36ziE3oIk=">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</latexit> Risk • Risk is defined as the expected error P ( ˜ E | F ; θ )error( E, ˜ X risk( F, E, θ ) = E ) . ˜ E • This is includes the probability in the objective function! • Differentiable, but the sum is intractable • Minimum risk training minimizes risk, Shen et al. (2016) do so for NMT

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