Dhara Vik ikas “ Reviving the Himalayan Springs” Smt. Sarika Pradhan, Additional Secretary, Rural Management and Development Department Government of Sikkim
Impact of climate change on the water sector
Dynamic Problem Lean season Monsoons Springs are the only source for drinking water Landscape of Himalayan Villages More than 80% of rural population depend on springs Spring water is rain water Springs on upper reaches dry up and volume of discharge on lower reaches reduces. Water scarcity during lean season - the most pressing needs in most of the villages Women & children spent best part of their time fetching water for household need Provid ide us us water, we we wi will tak ake care of of agric gricult lture and and livestock
Vulnerability Assessment at Gram Panchayat level Concerns of water security Less rainfall Erratic downpour and high surface runoff Springs are drying up Can we revive our drying springs? Perennial to seasonal Less than 15% rainfall percolates to recharge the aquifers More than 430 village falls under rain shadow area of Darjeeling hill Impact on Livelihood, Health and Sanitation
SAPCC Highlights for Water Sector in Sikkim Following were the strategies recommended to address Climate Change concerns to ensure water security as per SAPCC Artificial recharge to revive springs by harvesting rainwater Reviving dried up hill top lakes Increasing base flow of the critical springs by rainwater harvesting Exploring possibility of harnessing stream water for meeting household and irrigation. Increasing water storage capacity by building household and village level reservoirs Formation of Water Users Associations (WUAs) Pricing and regulation Periodical census of all the minor irrigation schemes after every four years Adoption of innovative techniques viz. Drip and Sprinkler irrigation Proposal for enforcement of Irrigation water Tax
About Dhara Vikas- A Climate Change Adaptive Experiment
2008-2011: Conceptualized the programme Developed human resource Prepared spring atlas Better understanding of springs Vulnerability assessment of gram panchayats Initiated pilots focusing on individual springs 2012 onwards: Shifted from spring-shed to landscape projects Executed projects in larger area Improved understanding Knowledge management and sharing BARC isotope fingerprinting study CDAC hydro-geologic modeling study
Village Spring Atlas Develop local capacity Ge Get str trong base aselin ines of spring discharge and rainfall Eight steps methodology www.sikkimsprings.org Para hydro-geologists
Focus on resource (aquifer) Focus on source (individual springs ) Tendong hill in South Sikkim 120 hec out of 1000 ha taken up at recharge areas in 2013-14. Technical study by ACWADAM, supported by GIZ
Recharge structures: Micro-placement of Effectiveness Staggered Trenches & recharge structures Hydrograph of a spring Recharge Ponds
Sad adam lan landscape project OUTCOME Deythang Dhara-Vikas Project Lake revival La Hill top forest- a case study More than 58 springs & 2 dried hill top lakes revived, 4 dried-up lake converted to recharge Discharge in LPM Lean Period Discharge of Kharkhare Kolsha, Deythang West Sikkim 40 Before Sad adam , , Mel elli li da dara an and Lung ungchok , , Tam amle le structure • Households located in upper belt faced acute crises of water 20 Resulted in approximately 1035 million litres of ground water recharge annually chaur (10 ch (100 he hec) Dolling Lake 41316 person days of employment generated through MGNREGS 0 during lean season Jan/09 Feb/09 Mar/09 Apr/09 May/09 Jan/10 Feb/10 Mar/10 Apr/10 May/10 Jan/11 Feb/11 Mar/11 Apr/11 May/11 Jan/12 Feb/12 Mar/12 Apr/12 May/12 Jan/13 Feb/13 Mar/13 Apr/13 May/13 Jan/14 Feb/14 Mar/14 Apr/14 May/14 Jan/15 Feb/15 Mar/15 Apr/15 May/15 Jan/16 Feb/16 Mar/16 Apr/16 May/16 Jan/17 Feb/17 Developed 12 para-hydrogeologists to bridge the knowledge gap on hydro-geology • Transported 4000 liters of water twice a week from river downstream with Independent study by IISC Bangalore claims that Dhara-Vikas has led to increment in Spring Lean Months average household cost of Rs. 3200 per month. discharge by 10 to 15% Discharge in LPM Average Lean period Discharge Jan 2009 - May 2010 Average Lean Period Discharge Jan 2011- Feb 2017 Nam amthang Dhar hara-Vik ikas Proje oject Initiative was recognized as one of the permissible activity by Planning commission After Documented in best practice resource book of UNDP 2014 &2015 • Springs in upper Melli dara has revived and become perennial which has Based on Sikkim’s experience Niti Aayog has constituted National Committee to frame ` Nagi Lake helped the villagers to save Rs. 1.28 lakhs per month. National Spring Development policy • Today there are more than 60 poultry farms producing 58,000 poultry stock in the span of 45-50 days. • Dairy farming has developed in the large scale in the village .
Government Ownership The Dhara Vikas “ Springs Revival” programme is implemented under the National Flagship Program “ Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) A Programme cell has been constituted under Rural Management & Development Department, Government of Sikkim to look into Dhara Vikas Work A Cadre of Resource Person / Para hydro-geologist have been developed by the department State Institute of Rural Development (Autonomous Institute) have been entrusted for capacity Building of Dhara Vikas Sikkim model of Dhara Vikas “ Springs revival” has also been made permissible under MGNREGA across all mountain state The technical support are provided by other agencies like ACWADAM, PSI, WWF- India, CDAC, National Institute of Hydrology etc
Replication and Upscaling
Village level water resource map More than 2000 springs mapped on GIS platform with UNDP-SDC Support Ongoing projects & Future Plans • Preparation of village water security plans for 430 drought prone villages under NAFCC and implementation of adaptation measures – Ongoing • set-up critical zone observatory for the springs by instrumenting critical springs by automatic gauges with the support from UNDP – Proposal accepted. • Development of Decision support system for spring-shed development using hydro-geological modelling with CDAC - Ongoing. • Taking-up intensive research on hydrogeology of springs and aquifer characteristics in collaboration with CDAC Pune and Dept. Of Geology University of Pune - Started. • Android based springs database management system GIS mapping of all spring sources of drought prone areas in collaboration with UNDP & CDAC -Completed
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