Plasma Physics Division Research Relevant to MHD Power Generation in the Naval Research Laboratory’s Plasma Physics Division * S. L. Jackson, B. V. Weber, A. S. Richardson, D. G. Phipps, J. D. Sethian, J. L. Giuliani, J. M. Neri, R. J. Commisso, J. W. Schumer, J. R. Angus, S. B. Swanekamp, D. P. Murphy, and D. D. Hinshelwood, Plasma Physics Division, Naval Research Laboratory C. N. Boyer and P. F. Ottinger a Engility Corporation 2014 Magnetohydrodynamics Power Generation Workshop October 1 – 2, 2014 Arlington, VA * Work supported by NRL Basic and Applied Research Program stuart.jackson@nrl.navy.mil a Independent consultant to NRL through Engility Corporation
Plasma Physics Outline Division • Overview of NRL & Plasma Physics Division • Ongoing work in electron-beam-driven NO x reduction and rep- rate, solid-state pulsed power • Example plasma chemistry simulation of KrF laser • Combustion dynamics and modeling (Chemistry Division) • Electromagnetic Launcher Materials Testing Facility • Basic physics investigation (coupled modeling & experiment) of plasma-field interactions in a plasma opening switch “Heavy” ion “Light” ion density density Particle-in-cell modeling of species separation in an opening switch plasma 2
Plasma Naval Research Laboratory conducts Physics Division broad range of basic and applied research • Founded near end of WWI at suggestion of Thomas Edison • Conducts broad range of basic and applied research for US Navy, Marine Corps, and other government and non-government organizations • 2200 employees (750 PhDs) • $800M/yr • Many advances Radar – Early space – programs GPS – 3
Plasma NRL Plasma Physics Division conducts broad Physics Division range of plasma physics research Laser Plasma (Code 6730) Beam Physics (Code 6790) Radiation Hydrodynamics (Code 6720) Plasma Physics Division Charged Particle Physics (Code 6750) Pulsed Power Physics (Code 6770) 4
Plasma Plasma physics research challenges in MHD Physics Division energy conversion for power generation combustion electrodes magnet plasma coils insulator v J diffuser combustor/nozzle B Detailed physics Seeding combustion understanding of plasma products to increase Materials science in inhomogeneities that lead conductivity extreme current, to loss mechanisms temperature, and magnetic field environment Pollutant reduction 5
Plasma Laser Plasma Branch (Code 6730) Physics Division Research & Relevance Research Description • Laser fusion and basic laser target interaction research • Development and applications of high-power pulsed electron beams • Development of detection mechanisms for biological, chemical, and explosive hazards Experimental setup for measurement of areal mass Electra Laser Facility nonuniformity in a laser- accelerated target Nike Laser Facility 6
Plasma Laser Plasma Branch (Code 6730) Physics Division Research & Relevance Research Description Relevant Projects/Capabilities • Laser fusion and basic laser target • Electron-beam-driven chemical interaction research reactions • Development and applications of • Durable and efficient rep-rate high-power pulsed electron beams pulsed power • Development of detection mechanisms for biological, chemical, and explosive hazards Experimental setup for measurement of areal mass Electra Laser Facility nonuniformity in a laser- accelerated target Nike Laser Facility 7
Plasma ELECTRA: Physics Division 50 kW pulsed electron beam system • Originally developed to pump a krypton fluoride (KrF) laser • 500 keV, 100 kA x 2, 140 nsec • 10 hour rep ‐ rate (2.5 to 5 Hz) operation * Gas Recirculator Reaction Chamber Pulsed Pulsed Power Power Supply Supply Electron Beam Sources 8 8 8 * Run times currently limited by spark gap based pulsed power technology
Plasma Electra experiments show pulsed e-beam Physics Division converts NOx to pure N 2 & O 2 w/ o catalyst Initial NO x Final NO x Removal Efficiency (ppm) (ppm) 200 4.2 96% 500 9.9 98% 980 44 96% 14.7 psi N 2 plus NO x at concentrations listed Energy deposition .08 J/cc NRL patent allowed: 8/22/2014 9
Plasma New NRL all solid state pulsed power system has Physics Division demonstrated 11,000,000 shots continuous at 10 Hz 200 kV, 4.5 kA, 250 ns, Marx > 80% efficiency Could be the basis for a compact and durable discharge or e-beam system PLEX, LLC 10
Plasma Radiation Hydrodynamics Branch Physics Division (Code 6720) Research & Relevance Research Description • Modeling & analysis of high energy density (HED) plasmas produced by – Pulsed-power generators – High intensity, short pulse lasers Modeling of z-pinch Venn diagram showing interplay K-shell spectra between atomic physics, Experimental images of an imploding hydrodynamics, and radiation transport neon pinch (left) vs. synthetic images that must be accounted for in from a radiation MHD simulation (right) understanding HED plasmas 11
Plasma Radiation Hydrodynamics Branch Physics Division (Code 6720) Research & Relevance Research Description Relevant Projects/Capabilities • Modeling & analysis of high • MHD and non-equilibrium energy density (HED) plasmas modeling of various plasma produced by configurations – Pulsed-power generators • Strong plasma chemistry – High intensity, short pulse lasers simulation capability Modeling of z-pinch Venn diagram showing interplay K-shell spectra between atomic physics, Experimental images of an imploding hydrodynamics, and radiation transport neon pinch (left) vs. synthetic images that must be accounted for in from a radiation MHD simulation (right) understanding HED plasmas 12
Plasma NRL has strong plasma chemistry Physics Division simulation capability Example of capabilities: Modeling Electra Krypton Fluoride Laser 1-D & 2-D Electron Deposition Plasma Chemistry 3-D Laser Transport 3-D Amplified Spontaneous Emission 24 species, 146 reactions, 53 vibrational states Kr,Ar,F 2 Kr,Ar,F 2 e-beam e-beam e-beam e-beam Ion Ion Neutral Neutral e - e - Channel Channel Channel Channel Ar* Ar* Ar + Ar + ArF * ArF * F - F - F 2 F 2 Kr Kr Kr Kr exchange exchange Kr * Kr * harpoon harpoon Kr + Kr + Kr Kr ion-ion rec ion-ion rec Good Good F 2 F 2 F - F - KrF* KrF* GAIN, g o GAIN, g o 2Ar 2Ar 2Kr 2Kr Bad Bad , Ar, Kr, F 2 , e - , Ar, Kr, F 2 , e - Kr 2 F * Kr 2 F * ArKrF * ArKrF * , Ar, Kr, F 2 , e - , Ar, Kr, F 2 , e - , F 2 , e - , F 2 , e - Kr,Ar,F Kr,Ar,F absorption, = F2 F2 + F- F- + KrF2 KrF2 + ArF2 ArF2 absorption, = F2 F2 + F- F- + KrF2 KrF2 + ArF2 ArF2 13
Plasma Plasma chemistry simulations accurately Physics Division predict Electra main amplifier laser pulse P e-beam (expt) 9 I Laser (expt) 8 I Laser (Orestes) 7 Shot OSC080404_11 intensity or power E Laser = 731 Joules 6 (arb units) 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 time (ns) 14
Plasma Physics NRL I nternal Collaborations Division Chemistry Division, Combustion Dynamics & Modeling Section: • Test facilities – Bench-scale combustion experiments – Practical-scale fire/combustion test facility at Chesapeake Bay Detachment • Extensive combustion diagnostic capabilities – Absorption, fluorescence, Raman spectroscopy for temp., species – Velocimetry, high-speed visible/IR imaging – Multi-phase interaction, particulates (gas-liquid-solid) • High-Performance Computing capability (Fluent, Internal code) for reactive, electromagnetically-influenced flow 15
Plasma Charged Particle Physics Branch Physics Division (Code 6750) Research & Relevance Research Description • Electromagnetic launchers for defense applications • Investigation of space plasma phenomena • Low-temperature plasmas for materials processing Low-temperature plasmas Region of artificial ionization impacting satellite radio signals Railgun Materials Testing Facility Space Chamber 16
Plasma Charged Particle Physics Branch Physics Division (Code 6750) Research & Relevance Research Description Relevant Projects/Capabilities • Electromagnetic launchers for • Materials testing in harsh defense applications electromechanical environment • Investigation of space plasma • Macro-scale application of strong, phenomena long-lived magnetic fields • Low-temperature plasmas for • Spectroscopy of burning exhaust materials processing Low-temperature plasmas Region of artificial ionization impacting satellite radio signals Railgun Materials Testing Facility Space Chamber 17
Plasma NRL electromagnetic launcher tests Physics Division materials in extreme environment • Materials Testing Facility for rail and armature materials Armature • 6 m long • 1.5 MA peak current • 5 cm wide bore • Adjustable pulse • 12 MJ stored width (~1 to 5 ms) energy • 15 T fields typical Analysis of deposits from hot liquid Cross-section of rails and deposited at rail-armature interface containment structure indicate temperature of over 1300 C 18
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