Reasoning with complementary pathways, not competing processes Jon May University of Sheffield Philip J Barnard MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit In Two Minds: July 7 2006
Modelling dual processes in one mind • S1: multiple autonomous subsystems processing information in parallel • S2: von Neuman style serial processes, limited working memory capacity • Evans (2003): “an important challenge is to develop models to show how such two distinct systems interact in one brain” • Are there really two systems, or can S2 processing also be achieved by the S1 subsystems?
Walk, talk, and chew gum? Is the interaction of two processes a big problem? Don’t we normally do many things at once?
Reasoning “ WHEN man reasoneth, he does nothing else but conceive a sum total, from addition of parcels… For reason, in this sense, is nothing but reckoning ” • Hobbes (1651) Leviathan, Chapter V: Of Reason and Science
Emotional thought “without bodily states following on the perception, the latter would be purely cognitive in form, pale, colourless, destitute of emotional warmth” William James (1890) The Principles of Psychology Ch.XXV The Emotions
Emotional thought “if we fancy some strong emotion,and then try to abstract from our consciousness of it all the feelings of its bodily symptoms, we find we have nothing left behind,no ‘mind-stuff’ out of which the emotion can be constituted,and that a cold and neutral state of intellectual perception is all that remains.” William James (1890) The Principles of Psychology Ch.XXV The Emotions
Simplistic linear models • Zajonc (1980) critiqued linear cognitive models for being too slow Zajonc RB (1980) Feeling and Thinking: Preferences need no inferences. American Psychologist, 35 , 151-175
Two routes Discriminanda and Preferenda recognition familiarity senses affect liking “affective phenomena deserve far more attention than they have received from cognitive psychologists and a closer cognitive scrutiny from social psychologists” Zajonc RB (1980) Feeling and Thinking: Preferences need no inferences. American Psychologist, 35 , 151-175
Role of language • Typical System 2 tasks rely on language • Matching biases: – Information matching lexical content of problem taken as relevant – Information not matching is neglected • Varies with abstractness of the material: – Absence of prior knowledge – Lack of coherence with schemata – No overlap with beliefs Allowing S1 processing to compete with S2 processing
Psycholinguistic model of semantics • Two levels of meaning: • Propositional – Specific, factual, identity, referential Implicational Propositional holistic identities, bodily schemata, • Implicational relationships effects meaning – Generic, inferential, schematic, affective • Each informs the other
Understanding speech Morphono- Acoustic Articulatory lexical • Auditory stream parsed morphemes, raw sound verbal sound into sound units sensations output plans structures • Propositions extracted from sound units Implicational Propositional • Implications inferred holistic identities, schemata, relationships from Propositions meaning • Propositions derived from Implications • But Implications also directly inferred from affective markers in auditory representation
Seeing things Morphono- Acoustic Articulatory lexical • A parallel pair of morphemes, raw sound verbal sound sensations output plans routes for vision structures • Structural parsing of Objects guiding Implicational Propositional holistic identities, motor action; schemata, relationships meaning • Derivation of Propositions from Object Limb Visual visuo- raw sight skeletal Objects spatial sensations output plans structures • Direct inference of Implications
Feeling things Morphono- Morphono- Acoustic Acoustic Articulatory Articulatory lexical lexical morphemes, morphemes, • Bodily sensations - raw sound raw sound verbal verbal sound sound sensations sensations output plans output plans structures structures including taste, smell, touch Implicational Implicational Body-State Body-State Propositional Propositional • No structural holistic holistic bodily bodily identities, identities, schemata, schemata, sensations sensations relationships relationships parsing, just meaning meaning affective inference and proprioceptive Object Object Limb Limb Visual Visual visuo- visuo- raw sight raw sight skeletal skeletal feedback spatial spatial sensations sensations output plans output plans structures structures
Feeling things Morphono- Acoustic Articulatory lexical morphemes, • Now a complete raw sound verbal sound sensations output plans structures model of sensation, cognition and Implicational action. Body-State Propositional holistic bodily identities, schemata, sensations relationships meaning Object Limb Visual visuo- raw sight skeletal spatial sensations output plans structures
Interacting Cognitive Subsystems Morphono- Morphono- Acoustic Acoustic Articulatory Articulatory lexical lexical • Each subsystem I I I morphemes, I I I raw sound verbal I O I O I O 1 1 1 sound sensations I O I O I O output plans 2 2 2 autonomous I O structures I O I O 3 3 3 • No central executive Implicational Implicational • Common subsystem Body-State Body-State Propositional Propositional I I I holistic bodily I I I identities, schemata, I O I O I O 1 1 1 architecture sensations relationships I O I O I O 2 2 2 meaning I O I O I O 3 3 3 image record Object Object Limb Limb Visual Visual I I I I visuo- I I I raw sight skeletal I O I O I O 1 spatial 1 1 I sensations O O output plans O I I I 2 2 2 structures I O I O I O 3 3 3 I O 1 I O 2 Barnard, P.J. (1985). Interacting Cognitive Subsystems: A psycholinguistic approach to short term memory. In A. Ellis (Ed.) O I 3 Progress in the Psychology of Language , (Vol. 2), Chapter 6, London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 197-258.
Route 1 Morphono- Acoustic Articulatory lexical • Direct affective morphemes, raw sound verbal sound sensations output plans inference from structures sensation provides top-down Implicational Body-State Propositional holistic bodily contextual frame identities, schemata, sensations relationships meaning • Is this System 1? Object Limb Visual visuo- raw sight skeletal spatial sensations output plans structures
Route 2 Morphono- Acoustic Articulatory lexical • Slower serial morphemes, raw sound verbal sound sensations output plans parsing of structures structures and propositions Implicational Body-State Propositional holistic bodily allows detailed identities, schemata, sensations relationships meaning modelling of external world Object Limb Visual visuo- • Is this System 2? raw sight skeletal spatial sensations output plans structures
Cycle routes • Route 1 activity is direct and fast • Route 2 allows slower reciprocal cycles of activity • But over time each process learns its mappings and becomes proceduralised • These can operate without memory access or cycles System 1 is automatic + route 1 • Enables Route 2 activity System 2 is cyclic route 2 to become automated
Evolution of cognition Acoustic Articulatory • Simple raw sound verbal sensations output plans organism • builds cross- modal Implicational Body-State holistic bodily representations schemata, sensations meaning of world to guide responses Limb Visual raw sight skeletal sensations output plans
Extra representations Morphono- Acoustic Articulatory lexical • Capacity to morphemes, raw sound verbal sound sensations output plans recognise structures structure in sensory streams Implicational Body-State holistic bodily facilitates schemata, sensations meaning inference and behaviour Object Limb Visual visuo- raw sight skeletal spatial sensations output plans structures
Language comes last Morphono- Acoustic Articulatory lexical • Secession of morphemes, raw sound verbal sound sensations output plans propositional structures representation • Simultaneously Implicational Body-State Propositional holistic bodily identities, enables language and schemata, sensations relationships meaning creates dual routes • Uniquely human? Object Limb Visual visuo- raw sight skeletal spatial sensations output plans structures
Applications of ICS • Inclusion of affect in an IP model • Two levels of ‘meaning’ • Especially helpful in clinical application • Provides broad framework for applied domains such as HCI • Metatheoretic framework to link domain specific accounts of cognition
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