Ranges, South Australia Presenter Ian Clark for Alaa Ahmed - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Hydrogeological characterisation of lineaments in the Central Flinders Ranges, South Australia Presenter Ian Clark for Alaa Ahmed

Acknowledgements • PhD Scholarship from Government of Egypt • Top-up scholarship from Goyder Institute • Support from SA Arid Areas NRM Board • Post-Doc research SA Water

Introduction Groundwater in Australia makes up about 33% of the estimated total water use (ABS 2012) Increased by 60% in the period from 1983- 1997 (Harrington and Cook 2014) 10% of total groundwater usage is from fractured rocks (Harrington and Cook 2014) The sustainable management of water resources in such environment becomes an urgent issue to many communities and ecosystems within Australia

Study Area Location In Central Flinders Ranges  79 km. southwest of Leigh  Creek and 210 km north east of Port Augusta Climate Semi-arid to arid climate.  Highest daily (159 mm. to  35.5 mm Highest monthly (262.8 mm.  to 82.8 mm

Catchment

Study Area….Geology and Hydrogeology Geology • The main lithologic units that outcrop in the study area are the Umberatana and Wilpena groups (Preiss 2000) Hydrogeology • The main water bearing formations are: ➢ Etina Formation ➢ Brachina Formation ➢ Bunyeroo Formation

Problem Statement • The geology has been studied in some detail, little or nothing is known about the groundwater regime. Limited data • Groundwater is considered as the main source of water and played a significant role in human occupation and settlement (DWLBC 2009) • The scaling problem is considered the biggest challenge (Cook 2003; Krásny & Sharp 2007) • Most of the studies focused on local-scale problems such as Scaling mining, nuclear waste or contamination (Neuman 2005) • Groundwater occurred in fractured bedrocks which has been Fractured or porous described as a complex, hydrogeological environment (Krásny & Sharp 2007)

– Fractured aquifers have potential to supply larger quantities than other aquifers.  Geolineament: a surface expression of fracturing (geologic structure) in the form of:  Alignments of topography and drainages  Linear trends in vegetation and soil-moisture anomalies  Truncation of rock outcrops  Lineaments are indicative of secondary porosity ● Potential to supply large and reliable quantities of water ● Relationship exists between lineaments and greater well productivity  Lineaments can be identified using remotely sensed imagery (Tone, color, texture, pattern)

Fault Breccia Cleavage and Joints 9

Objectives General Objective Determine whether it is feasible to use the available data to develop a reasonable model on which a sustainability plan for groundwater management can be developed Specific objectives were: • Identify and extract Geolineaments and other discontinuities from remote sensing data, geologic maps and field work • Evaluate hydrogeological characteristics by correlating water information and extracted lineaments

Materials and Methods Office Work Field Work Fractures Hydrogeology Geolineamets Drainage Lines Data Scanline Survey Geologic Map Field Survey Satellite Image SRTM Composite Bands Clipping Filling Voids Evaluation Processing Evaluation Mosiac+Clipping Tracing Flow Direction Flow Accumulation Faults Layer Enhancement Extraction Stream Networks Analysis Lineament Layer Watershed Delineation

Results……………….Delineation Delineation of the watershed

Results….Faults Orientation and Length Density Map All faults N 0 (a) 315 45 W 270 90 E 225 135 180 S N=85 (b1) N 0 315 45 (b) W 270 90 E 225 135 180 N=3 (b2) S N (c) 0 315 45 W 270 90 E 225 135 (b3) 180 N= 31 S (d) N 0 315 45 E W 270 90 225 135 N= 9 180 (e) (b4) S N 0 315 45 W 270 90 E 225 135 180 S

Lineaments Orientation and Length Density Map (a) (b) (a) All lineaments N 0 315 45 W 270 90 E 225 135 (b) 180 N= 254 S (a1) N 0 315 45 E 270 90 W 225 135 180 (c) S (a2) N= 39 N 0 315 45 E 270 90 W 225 135 (d) 180 N=68 (a3) S N 0 315 45 W E 270 90 225 135 (e) N= 32 (a4) 180 S N 0 315 45 E 270 90 W 225 135 180 S (a):

Fractures Frequency Formation Trends of Trends of Frequency of Zone of Correlation lineaments fractures fractures lineaments Comparative analysis NNW – SSE NNW – SSE, Fracture NW – SE NW – SE, Northern Bunyeroo Low Low (< 7/m) correlated NE – SW NE – SW NW – SE NNE – SSW, Eastern Low to Etina and Low to Fracture NE – SW NW – SE and moderate (< Station: Salt Bore Station: Witches Well Station: Blinman Hut Well Brachina moderate correlated N N N 0 NE – SW NE – SW 0 0 western 7/m) 315 45 315 45 315 45 NNW – SSE W 270 90 E W 270 90 E W 270 90 E NWW – SEE Moderate to Moderate to Fracture NW – SE Southern Tapley Hill NE – SW high high (> 7/m) correlated 225 135 225 135 225 135 E – W 180 180 180 S S S N=22 N=26 N=49 • A notable similarity between the Station: Glass Gorge Well Station: Fourth Spring Station: Third Spring N N N 0 0 0 prominent trend of the different linear 315 45 315 45 315 45 W 270 90 E W E 270 90 W E 270 90 features. 225 135 225 135 225 135 180 180 180 S S S • N=30 N=40 There may be a local variation in N=65 Station: Third Spring N 80 lineament orientations, length and 0 Frequency 315 45 60 40 density which is probably attributable to E 270 90 W 20 0 the heterogeneity of the bedrock, and or Blinman Witches Salt Glass Third First Fourth 225 135 Hut Well Bore Gorge Spring Spring Spring 180 S Well Well N=22 structural and stress variations.

Springs and Lineaments Proximity to Class Spring lineaments (<600 limit) Clock Spring 520 Lineaments Hannigan Spring 1000 Non-lineaments Bald Hill Spring 2000 Non-lineaments Willigen Spring 420 Lineaments Six Mile Spring 500 Non-lineaments Witches Spring 490 Non-lineaments Warra Warra Spring 83 Lineaments Second Spring 190 Lineaments Third Spring 150 Lineaments Fourth Spring 800 Non-lineaments 16

Wells and Lineaments Class Proximity to Water Well TDS (meq/l) Yeild (L/s) lineaments (m) (<300m limit) Blinman Well 510 Non-lineaments 46.20 0.5 Pendulum Well 120 Lineaments 62.90 0.5 Bore 170 650 Non-lineaments 37.72 0.5 Witches Well 275 Lineaments 99.41 1.5 Home Well 900 Non-lineaments 97.58 0.5 Salt Bore 1200 Non-lineaments 210.12 <0.5 Glass Gorge 95 Lineaments 38.40 >1.5 Breakneck Well 150 Lineaments 39.20 >1.5 Oratunga Bore 240 Lineaments 28.40 1.5 Warra Warra Well 90 Lineaments 30.40 1 17

Proximity to lineaments 250 Blinman Well Pendulum Well Bore 170 The correlation between the water Witches Well Home Well Salt Bore 200 composition and location of springs and Glass Gorge Breakneck Well Warra Warra Well Oratunga Bore lineaments, indicates the occurrence of 150 TDS (meq/L) fracture zones of greater porosity and conductivity. 100 50 0 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 Proximity to lineaments (m)

Hawker 19

Quorn 20

EC ( μS /cm) 21 Water yield (L/s)

Conclusion 1. In areas with limited previous investigations and hydrogeological data, remote sensing and GIS methods provide support in water studies 2. Lineament maps, plotted from satellite data are very useful for groundwater studies, while, field studies help to detect the nature of structures and correlate lineament interpretation with geological structures 3. All the interpretations supports the hydrogeological significance of lineaments, a correlation of the different parameters with the proximity to lineaments interpreted from satellite images confirms that high yielding wells, low saline and springs are related to lineaments. 4. This knowledge could be used to build hydrogeological models of areas for which there is only limited data