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rtr t Prss t rPrst r r rtt

  1. ❆❣r✐❝✉❧t✉r❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ Pr♦❝❡ss ♦❢ ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t✿ ❆ ▼✐❝r♦✲P❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❡ ❏❡✛r❡② ❉✳ ▼✐❝❤❧❡r ❉❡♣❛rt♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❆❣r✐❝✉❧t✉r❛❧ ✫ ❘❡s♦✉r❝❡ ❊❝♦♥♦♠✐❝s✱ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t② ♦❢ ❙❛s❦❛t❝❤❡✇❛♥ ❆❆❊❆ ❆♥♥✉❛❧ ▼❡❡t✐♥❣✱ ❲❛s❤✐♥❣t♦♥✱ ❉✳❈✳✱ ✺✲✼ ❆✉❣✉st ✷✵✶✽ ▼✐❝❤❧❡r ✭❯❙❛s❦✮ ❆❣✳ ✐♥ t❤❡ Pr♦❝❡ss ♦❢ ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ❆❆❊❆ ✷✵✶✽ ✶ ✴ ✶✹

  2. ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ▼♦t✐✈❛t✐♦♥ ◮ ❚❤❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss ♦❢ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ✐s ❞❡✜♥❡❞ ❜② str✉❝t✉r❛❧ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ✭▲❡✇✐s✱ ✶✾✺✹❀ ❑✉③♥❡ts✱ ✶✾✺✼✮✳ ◮ ❲❤✐❧❡ t❤❡ ❝❛✉s❡s ♦❢ str✉❝t✉r❛❧ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❛r❡ ❞❡❜❛t❡❞✱ t❤❡ ♦✉t❝♦♠❡s ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ r❡♠❛r❦❛❜❧② ✉♥✐❢♦r♠ ❛❝r♦ss t✐♠❡ ❛♥❞ ❝♦✉♥tr② ✭Pr❡❜✐s❤✱ ✶✾✺✵❀ ❏♦❤♥st♦♥ ❛♥❞ ▼❡❧❧♦r✱ ✶✾✻✶❀ Pr❡♦❜❛③❤❡♥s❦②✱ ✶✾✻✺✮✳ ◮ ❚❤✐s ❤❛s ❣✐✈❡♥ r✐s❡ t♦ ❛ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ st②❧✐③❡❞ ❢❛❝ts ✭❙②rq✉✐♥✱ ✶✾✽✽❀ ❚✐♠♠❡r✱ ✶✾✽✽❀ ❈❤❛✈❛s✱ ✷✵✵✶✮✳ ▼✐❝❤❧❡r ✭❯❙❛s❦✮ ❆❣✳ ✐♥ t❤❡ Pr♦❝❡ss ♦❢ ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ❆❆❊❆ ✷✵✶✽ ✷ ✴ ✶✹

  3. ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❙t②❧✐③❡❞ ❋❛❝ts ✶✳ ❆❣r✐❝✉❧t✉r❡✬s ♦✉t♣✉t s❤❛r❡ ❛♥❞ s❤❛r❡ ♦❢ ❡♠♣❧♦②♠❡♥t ❞❡❝❧✐♥❡✱ ✐♥ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥ t♦ ✐♥❞✉str② ❛♥❞ s❡r✈✐❝❡✱ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❡❝♦♥♦♠②✳ ✷✳ ❚♦t❛❧ ❛❣r✐❝✉❧t✉r❛❧ ♦✉t♣✉t ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡s✳ ✸✳ ❚❡❝❤♥✐❝❛❧ ❝❤❛♥❣❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇s ❛ ♣❛t❤ ♦❢ ✐♥❞✉❝❡❞ ✐♥♥♦✈❛t✐♦♥✳ ✹✳ ❲✐t❤✐♥ ❛❣r✐❝✉❧t✉r❡✱ s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐③❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡s✳ ✺✳ ❋❛r♠ ✐♥❝♦♠❡ ✜rst ❞❡❝❧✐♥❡s ❜✉t t❤❡♥ ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡✳ ▼✐❝❤❧❡r ✭❯❙❛s❦✮ ❆❣✳ ✐♥ t❤❡ Pr♦❝❡ss ♦❢ ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ❆❆❊❆ ✷✵✶✽ ✸ ✴ ✶✹

  4. ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❘❡s❡❛r❝❤ ❖❜❥❡❝t✐✈❡ ✶✳ ❉♦ t❤❡ st②❧✐③❡❞ ❢❛❝ts r❡❣❛r❞✐♥❣ s❡❝t♦r❛❧ ♦r ♠❛❝r♦ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❛♣♣❡❛r ✐♥ ♠✐❝r♦ ❞❛t❛❄ ✷✳ ❲❤❛t ❛r❡ t❤❡ s✐♠✐❧❛r✐t✐❡s✴❞✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡s ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ str✉❝t✉r❛❧ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♠❛❝r♦ ❛♥❞ ♠✐❝r♦ ❞❛t❛❄ ▼✐❝❤❧❡r ✭❯❙❛s❦✮ ❆❣✳ ✐♥ t❤❡ Pr♦❝❡ss ♦❢ ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ❆❆❊❆ ✷✵✶✽ ✹ ✴ ✶✹

  5. ❉❛t❛ ❉❛t❛ ❙♦✉r❝❡s ◮ ▼❛❝r♦ ♦r ♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❛t❛ ◮ ❲♦r❧❞ ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ■♥❞✐❝❛t♦rs ◮ ❋❆❖st❛t ◮ ▼✐r❝♦ ♦r ❤♦✉s❡❤♦❧❞ ❞❛t❛ ◮ ■❈❘■❙❆❚✬s ❱▲❙✴❱❉❙❆ ❞❛t❛ ❢r♦♠ ✈✐❧❧❛❣❡ ■♥❞✐❛ ◮ ✶✸✱✽✻✷ ❝r♦♣ ♦❜s❡r✈❛t✐♦♥s ◮ ❋r♦♠ ✻✱✺✷✸ ♣❧♦ts ◮ ❋r♦♠ ✼✻✻ ❤♦✉s❡❤♦❧❞s ◮ ❋r♦♠ ✻ ✈✐❧❧❛❣❡ ◮ ❋r♦♠ ♦✈❡r ✺✵ s❡❛s♦♥s ▼✐❝❤❧❡r ✭❯❙❛s❦✮ ❆❣✳ ✐♥ t❤❡ Pr♦❝❡ss ♦❢ ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ❆❆❊❆ ✷✵✶✽ ✺ ✴ ✶✹

  6. ❉❛t❛ ❚✐♠❡❧✐♥❡ ♦❢ ❱❉❙❆ ❉❛t❛ ❈♦❧❧❡❝t✐♦♥ ❚❛❜❧❡ ✶✿ ❱✐❧❧❛❣❡s ❛♥❞ ❨❡❛rs ♦❢ ❉❛t❛ ❈♦❧❧❡❝t✐♦♥ ❙t❛t❡ ❱✐❧❧❛❣❡s ❨❡❛rs ❚✐♠❡ ❖❜s✳ ❆✉r❡♣❛❧❧❡ ✶✾✼✺✲✶✾✽✹✱ ✶✾✽✾✱ ✷✵✵✶✲✷✵✶✹ ✺✵ ❆♥❞❤r❛ Pr❛❞❡s❤ ❉♦❦✉r ✶✾✼✺✲✶✾✼✾✱ ✶✾✽✸✱ ✶✾✽✾✱ ✷✵✵✶✲✷✵✶✹ ✹✷ ❑❛❧♠❛♥ ✶✾✼✺✲✶✾✼✾✱ ✶✾✽✸✱ ✶✾✽✾✱ ✷✵✵✶✲✷✵✶✹ ✹✷ ❑❛♥③❛r❛ ✶✾✼✺✲✶✾✽✹✱ ✶✾✽✾✱ ✷✵✵✶✲✷✵✶✹ ✺✵ ▼❛❤❛r❛s❤tr❛ ❑✐♥❦❤❡❞ ✶✾✼✺✲✶✾✼✾✱ ✶✾✽✸✱ ✶✾✽✾✱ ✷✵✵✶✲✷✵✶✹ ✹✷ ❙❤✐r❛♣✉r ✶✾✼✺✲✶✾✽✹✱ ✶✾✽✾✱ ✷✵✵✶✲✷✵✶✹ ✺✵ ▼✐❝❤❧❡r ✭❯❙❛s❦✮ ❆❣✳ ✐♥ t❤❡ Pr♦❝❡ss ♦❢ ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ❆❆❊❆ ✷✵✶✽ ✻ ✴ ✶✹

  7. ❉❛t❛ ❋♦❝✉s ♦♥ ✼ ❈r♦♣s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❱❉❙❆ ❚❛❜❧❡ ✷✿ ❋r❡q✉❡♥❝② ♦❢ ❝r♦♣ ❝✉❧t✐✈❛t✐♦♥ ❜② s❡❛s♦♥ ❑❤❛r✐❢ ❘❛❜✐ ❚♦t❛❧ ❈❛st♦r ✾✸✻ ✵ ✾✸✻ ❈♦tt♦♥ ✷✱✸✶✵ ✵ ✷✱✸✶✵ ❘✐❝❡ ✶✱✺✼✹ ✽✽✾ ✷✱✹✻✸ P✐❣❡♦♥ ♣❡❛ ✾✶✺ ✵ ✾✶✺ ❙♦r❣❤✉♠ ✾✾✹ ✸✱✼✼✹ ✹✱✼✻✽ ❙♦②❜❡❛♥ ✽✾✽ ✵ ✽✾✽ ❲❤❡❛t ✵ ✶✱✺✼✷ ✶✱✺✼✷ ❚♦t❛❧ ✼✱✻✷✼ ✻✱✷✸✺ ✶✸✱✽✻✷ ▼✐❝❤❧❡r ✭❯❙❛s❦✮ ❆❣✳ ✐♥ t❤❡ Pr♦❝❡ss ♦❢ ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ❆❆❊❆ ✷✵✶✽ ✼ ✴ ✶✹

  8. ❙t②❧✐③❡❞ ❋❛❝ts ❙t②❧✐③❡❞ ❋❛❝t ✶✿ ❉❡❝❧✐♥✐♥❣ ♦✉t♣✉t ❛♥❞ ❡♠♣❧♦②♠❡♥t s❤❛r❡ 100 100 Service Service 75 75 % of Income % of GDP Industry 50 50 Industry 25 25 Agriculture Agriculture 0 0 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 1975 1979 1984 2004 2009 2014 Year Year ▼✐❝❤❧❡r ✭❯❙❛s❦✮ ❆❣✳ ✐♥ t❤❡ Pr♦❝❡ss ♦❢ ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ❆❆❊❆ ✷✵✶✽ ✽ ✴ ✶✹

  9. ❙t②❧✐③❡❞ ❋❛❝ts ❙t②❧✐③❡❞ ❋❛❝t ✶✿ ❉❡❝❧✐♥✐♥❣ ♦✉t♣✉t ❛♥❞ ❡♠♣❧♦②♠❡♥t s❤❛r❡ 100 100 Service Service 75 75 % of Employment Industry % of Employment Industry 50 50 25 25 Agriculture Agriculture 0 0 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 1975 1979 1984 2004 2009 2014 Year Year ▼✐❝❤❧❡r ✭❯❙❛s❦✮ ❆❣✳ ✐♥ t❤❡ Pr♦❝❡ss ♦❢ ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ❆❆❊❆ ✷✵✶✽ ✽ ✴ ✶✹

  10. ❙t②❧✐③❡❞ ❋❛❝ts ❙t②❧✐③❡❞ ❋❛❝t ✷✿ ❚♦t❛❧ ♦✉t♣✉t ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡s 12 12 11 11 10 10 9 9 ln(yield) ln(yield) 8 8 7 7 6 6 5 5 4 4 3 3 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 1975 1978 1982 2001 2005 2009 2013 Year Year Castor Cotton Pigeon pea Rice Castor Cotton Pigeon pea Rice Sorghum Soybean Wheat Sorghum Soybean Wheat ▼✐❝❤❧❡r ✭❯❙❛s❦✮ ❆❣✳ ✐♥ t❤❡ Pr♦❝❡ss ♦❢ ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ❆❆❊❆ ✷✵✶✽ ✾ ✴ ✶✹

  11. ❙t②❧✐③❡❞ ❋❛❝ts ❙t②❧✐③❡❞ ❋❛❝t ✸✿ ■♥❞✉❝❡❞ ✐♥♥♦✈❛t✐♦♥ 16 16 15 15 14 14 13 13 ln(value added) 12 ln(revenue) 12 11 11 10 10 9 9 8 8 7 7 6 6 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 1975 1979 1984 2004 2009 2014 Year Year Value added per hectare Value added per worker Revenue per hectare Revenue per worker days ▼✐❝❤❧❡r ✭❯❙❛s❦✮ ❆❣✳ ✐♥ t❤❡ Pr♦❝❡ss ♦❢ ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ❆❆❊❆ ✷✵✶✽ ✶✵ ✴ ✶✹

  12. ❙t②❧✐③❡❞ ❋❛❝ts ❙t②❧✐③❡❞ ❋❛❝t ✸✿ ■♥❞✉❝❡❞ ✐♥♥♦✈❛t✐♦♥ 10 8 ln(output/area) 6 overall 4 castor cotton rice 2 pigeon pea sorghum soybean wheat 0 0 1 2 3 4 ln(output/labor) ▼✐❝❤❧❡r ✭❯❙❛s❦✮ ❆❣✳ ✐♥ t❤❡ Pr♦❝❡ss ♦❢ ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ❆❆❊❆ ✷✵✶✽ ✶✵ ✴ ✶✹

  13. ❙t②❧✐③❡❞ ❋❛❝ts ❙t②❧✐③❡❞ ❋❛❝t ✸✿ ■♥❞✉❝❡❞ ✐♥♥♦✈❛t✐♦♥ ▼✐❝❤❧❡r ✭❯❙❛s❦✮ ❆❣✳ ✐♥ t❤❡ Pr♦❝❡ss ♦❢ ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ❆❆❊❆ ✷✵✶✽ ✶✵ ✴ ✶✹

  14. ❙t②❧✐③❡❞ ❋❛❝ts ❙t②❧✐③❡❞ ❋❛❝t ✸✿ ■♥❞✉❝❡❞ ✐♥♥♦✈❛t✐♦♥ ▼✐❝❤❧❡r ✭❯❙❛s❦✮ ❆❣✳ ✐♥ t❤❡ Pr♦❝❡ss ♦❢ ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ❆❆❊❆ ✷✵✶✽ ✶✵ ✴ ✶✹

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