Promoting student participation and thinking through a social - PDF document

Promoting student participation and thinking through a social technology tool Promoting student participation and thinking through a social technology tool: What empirical research findings suggest Dr Hew Khe Foon khefoon.hew@nie.edu.sg Dr Cheung Wing Sum wingsum.cheung@nie.edu.sg National Institute of Education Nanyang Technological University, Singapore Introduction • Contemporary educational theory favors the use of collaborative learning environments that emphasize student discussion. • Limitations of f2f classroom discussion • One possible solution – use of social technology tools (e.g. asynchronous online discussion forums/AOD) enable students to discuss beyond their classrooms settings • We have been using AOD for the last 11 years at NIE Introduction • What is an asynchronous online discussion? • A text ‐ based CMC tool for communication with no time or place restrictions • Some benefits of AOD – Can be more reflective – equal chance to express their views – Record of discussion transcripts eLearning Forum Asia 2011, NTU Singapore 1

Promoting student participation and thinking through a social technology tool Problem Statement • Students hardly participate in AODs (Hewitt, 2005; Wan & Johnson, 1994). • Students do not necessary exhibit in ‐ depth critical thinking in online discussions (Burt, Grady, & McMann, 1994; Bullen, 1998; Hew & Cheung, 2003; Khine, Yeap, & Tan, 2003; Landsman & Gorski, 2007). Purpose of this presentation • To share the findings of our studies conducted in the last 11 years: A) How to increase student online participation? B) How to foster student in ‐ depth critical thinking? Context of our research • Use of peer facilitation instead of instructor facilitation. • Why peer facilitation? – An instructor ‐ led facilitation could result in instructor ‐ centered discussion (Light, Nesbott, Light & White, 2000) – An instructor ‐ led discussion could also limit students’ active participation and voice (Pearson, 1999) eLearning Forum Asia 2011, NTU Singapore 2

Promoting student participation and thinking through a social technology tool A) How to increase online participation? • Research study 1 • 16 participants • Student is the facilitator of own forum to encourage peers to discuss about their lesson plan • Data: students’ reflection logs, questionnaires, interviews, online discussion postings. • Research Qn: Why students participate or not participate in online discussion? A) How to increase online participation? • Research study 2 • 27 participants • Student is the facilitator of own forum to encourage peers to discuss about their lesson plan • Data: online observations of discussion postings, student interviews • Research Qn: What habits of mind shown by student facilitators might influence the degree of participation? Habits of Mind • Examined the following habits of mind: – Awareness of own thinking – Open ‐ mindedness – Taking a position when the situation warrants it – Sensitive to others eLearning Forum Asia 2011, NTU Singapore 3

Promoting student participation and thinking through a social technology tool A) How to increase online participation? Major Lessons Learned 1) Emphasize efforts to nurture relational capital among students before AOD. Table 1: Why students choose to participate Factor Reason % Relational capital The forum owner is my friend 93% The forum owner acknowledges my 80% contribution The forum owner offers to contribute in 40% my forum in return for my contribution A) How to increase online participation? 2) Select topics that directly relate to students’ interests & needs Factor Reason % Discussion activity The ongoing online discussion is very 60% or topic interesting A) How to increase online participation? 3) Use open ‐ ended discussion topics that allow participants to give their own unique/personal viewpoints 4) Facilitators should display the following 2 habits of mind more frequently: – Is aware of own thinking – Open ‐ mindedness eLearning Forum Asia 2011, NTU Singapore 4

Promoting student participation and thinking through a social technology tool B) How to foster in-depth CT? • Research Study 1 • Participants: Graduate students (10 discussion forums) • Data: Online postings, interviews • Research question: – What is the quality of thinking, in terms of critical thinking, demonstrated by the participants in the online discussion? – Any differences between higher ‐ level and lower ‐ level groups in terms of their group characteristics and the facilitating styles adopted by the student facilitators? • Forums ranked according to their score of in ‐ depth critical thinking instances. – Top 30% and bottom 30% forums were analyzed B) How to foster in-depth CT? Possible facilitation techniques • Top 30% forums: – Persistent with the use of questions (e.g., questions posed throughout the discussion, follow ‐ up questions on some earlier ideas) – Acknowledged participants’ contribution – A variety of questions used B) How to foster in-depth CT? Types of questions used in top 30% forums: • Essentially Socratic questions – Questions that require comparison – Questions that require learners to explore other views/options – Questions that require justification – Questions that require reflection – Questions that probe assumptions eLearning Forum Asia 2011, NTU Singapore 5

Promoting student participation and thinking through a social technology tool B) How to foster in-depth CT? • Question that require comparison. – E.g., do you think this is better in comparison to my previous version? • Questions that require learners to explore other options. – E.g., one way I am thinking of is to let each text grow big for easy reading before shrinking back to smaller size. Any other suggestions that I can explore? B) How to foster in-depth CT? • Questions that require justification. – E.g. ,is it sufficient to engage your interest and entice you to progress through the course after a heavy day of work? If yes, which are the activities do you find them motivating and make you more interested? If not, what type of activities will motivate you as a learner? B) How to foster in-depth CT? • Questions that require reflection. – E.g., although I'm doing colors, but I kind of get confused at times to how many colors should be used per slide and that if too many colors are used in a slide will it be too cluttered and distracting. Do you have the same problem also? eLearning Forum Asia 2011, NTU Singapore 6

Promoting student participation and thinking through a social technology tool B) How to foster in-depth CT? • Questions that probe assumptions. – E.g., I’m not very certain about using narration to enhance my course delivery and reduce the text used. In my opinion, colors are more visual things, hence, I thought it will be more appropriate to do away with narration. But then again, am I too narrow minded in making that assumption? B) How to foster in-depth CT? • Bottom 30% forums: – Orphaned ideas, ideas not followed up – Few questions posed (typically at the start of the discussion) – Seldom acknowledged participants’ contribution B) How to foster in-depth CT? • Research Study 2 • Chinese writing project in a primary school • N=29 primary four students (8 boys, 21 girls) • Students worked in groups of 4s • Students played different roles eLearning Forum Asia 2011, NTU Singapore 7

Promoting student participation and thinking through a social technology tool Sample activity (Chinese writing project) Sample activity (Chinese writing project) Roles of students Roles Description Torch start the thread, ask questions, keep discussion going Devil advocate Keep on challenging people’s opinions Pigeon Try to make peace, find common grounds, consensus Vacuum Summarizing, concluding, suggesting cleaner new topics/ideas to explore & discuss eLearning Forum Asia 2011, NTU Singapore 8

Promoting student participation and thinking through a social technology tool Some findings (Chinese writing project) • Majority of students also preferred this mode of instruction, compared to group discussion in class (76%) or teachers’ questioning in class (76%). • Majority reported that they think harder (in ‐ depth critical thinking) using online discussion, compared with group f2f discussions (83%) and classroom questioning by teacher (79%). THANK YOU eLearning Forum Asia 2011, NTU Singapore 9