EXTRACTION OF OUR NATURAL RESOURCES: HOW TO PROMOTE BROAD-BASED SUSTAINABLE GROWTH AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN AFRICA
LONMIN PUT YOUR HOUSE IN ORDER! 2 TITLE OF THE PRESENTATION
THE BIG STINK: LONMIN’S 3 R20 MILLION TOILETS AN INSULT TO MINE WORKERS 3 Smoke & Mirrors: Lonmin’s failure to address housing conditions at Marikana
OVERVIEW: STATE OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT IN SOUTHERN AFRICA • Impressive rates of economic growth in Africa in the past ten years or so about 5% on average • Slightly lower GDP growth rates in Southern Africa over past 15 years at 4.48% 2000- 2015 • Poverty and inequality, however measured, have remained stubbornly high in sub- Saharan Africa, and more specifically in the Southern Africa region • Labour markets are supply driven rather than demand driven: many people are losing jobs and or labour markets are not absorbing many of those, including graduates, in search of jobs, hence high-income poverty; • The state and labour market’s inability to exploit the youth dividend (bulge) has resulted in political and economic instability with regional states responding through excessive force and repression; • Situation further worsened by the state’s inability to invest in economic, social and cultural rights is constrained by its inability to close crucial tax leaks resulting in billions of revenue lost through illicit financial flows 4 TITLE OF THE PRESENTATION
AFRICA RISING? FOR WHO: DUALISTIC AND ENCLAVE ECONOMIES? Real GDP Growth Rate 2001-2015 (avg) 8.96 9 7.68 8 7 5.44 5.31 6 4.92 5 4.2 3.95 3.68 4 2.56 2.43 3 2 0.74 1 0 5
AFRICA RISING? PARALLEL ECONOMY, MINING SECTOR 6
AFRICA RISING? ENCLAVE ECONOMIES, MAJOR PLAYERS ANGLO AMERICAN Iron Ore Coal Copper Nickel Diamonds Other 2% 17% 5% 48% 18% 10% RIO TINTO Iron Ore Aluminium Copper Diamonds Other 1% 6% 4% 2% 87% 7
AFRICA RISING? SDGS PRIORITIES FOR CITIZENS AND BUSINESS 8
AFRICA RISING? LEAKAGES: ILLICIT FINANCIAL FLOWS 9
AFRICA RISING? DEVELOPMENT FOR WHO? 10
AFRICA RISING? DEVELOPMENT FOR WHO? MIDDLEBURG (ARNOT) 11
INEQUALITY: LEAVING THE MARGINALISED Income Inequality Inequality in Life Expectancy Inequality in Education Gender Inequality • Southern Africa is characterised by skewed distribution of resources and income and the majority of the people 63.9 65 65 63.1 is excluded from accessing land and controlling the BEHIND economy. 61 59 57.5 • Herbert Jaunch and Deprose Muchena (2011) in “Tearing 52.5 Us Apart: Inequality in Southern Africa” argue that 51.5 52 inequalities in Southern Africa are due to grafted 48 46.2 capitalism (enclave economies and illicit financial flows), 45.7 46 44.1 43.9 which have not transformed the economy as a whole but 42.7 40.2 only a small formal enclave sector, thus failing to 40 37.2 produce dynamic inclusive growth and development. 35.8 35.5 34.6 35 33.5 • 32.1 Challenges continue to persist to reduce income 30.2 30.1 inequalities and gender inequality as women continue to 27.8 27.8 26.8 26.8 be marginalized in all major economic sectors and even 25.7 24.8 24.3 24.3 23.8 more worrying are the number of women who continue 21.9 21.7 to suffer from poverty as a result of patriarchy. 18.1 17.8 • The challenge of unemployment, poverty and inequality continue to hamper progress in uplifting the majority of southern African citizens out of poverty and closing the gap between the haves and have nots 5 • SDG 10: Reduce inequality within and among countries: Current trajectory on inequality demonstrate the high levels of gini-coefficient and income inequality remains a worrying indicator of lack of employment opportunities 12 TITLE OF THE PRESENTATION
JOBLESS GROWTH AND NEETS Unemployment Rate in Select SADC Member States 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Lesotho Malawi Namibia South Africa Swaziland Zambia Zimbabwe Unemployment Rate Female Unemployment Rate Male Youth Unemployment Rate Female Youth Unemployment Rate Male 13 TITLE OF THE PRESENTATION
Lived Poverty Index LIVED POVERTY EXPERIENCE • Lived Poverty Index scores range along a five-point scale from 0 (no shortage of any basic necessities) to 1.55 4 (constant absence of all basic necessities) 1.45 1.44 1.42 1.36 • The region continues to endure deteriorating standards of living, poor ENJOYMENT to ESCR ; 1.14 • For example in Swaziland: 51% often went to bed 1.08 1.03 without food in past year (2015); 47% without water; 0.96 33% experienced shortages of medicines at local clinics; and 68% reported going a year without any income. 0.68 0.65 • In Mozambique according to latest figures from the 4 th National Poverty Assessment, the number of absolutely poor increased from 11.1 million during the 2008/09 to 11,8 million in 2014/15 NPA • UN HDI 2015, 30% of the population in LDCs in the region such as Mozambique, Malawi and Madagascar live on less US$1.25 per day 14 Title of Presentation
Global Hunger Index 2016 by Ranking 45 FOOD INSECURITY • 40 El Nino phenomenon threatening 33 million 39 Southern Africa residents 35 • 35.4 Water stress level in the region at critical levels medium and extremely high 2020-2040 dam levels 32.8 31.7 31.7 30 are drying out due to 2015-2016 drought 28.8 Zambia ranked 3 rd and 1 st , Globally and regionally, • 26.9 25 respectively. Yet country imported 48,000 metric 24.2 23 tons of maize meal; 22.7 20 • In Zimbabwe the El Nino phenomenon has resulted in an increase of 2,8 million people to 4,1 million 15 people become food insecure since the beginning of the year. 11.8 10 • Women in rural areas likely to be most affected, according to the Africa Food Security Urban 5 Network, in rural households (34%) were female- headed households compared to only 12% of the 0 surveyed households having a male-headed household. 15 TITLE OF THE PRESENTATION
NO ONE IS LEFT BEHIND: SDGS • The SDGs mark a significant shift from the MDGs with a much stronger focus on economic and environmental sustainability, including new goals on food security, inequality; energy, sustainable growth and sustainable consumption and production; • Leave no one behind: Includes eradication of extreme poverty and meeting basic needs for nutritious food, health, education and access to essential service for all people everywhere. Also includes resilience at the level of individuals, households, communities, population groups and nations; • Experience with the MDGs has demonstrated that “top - down approach” from the UN to imposition of developmental goals to the Global South will be met with reluctance or unwillingness to implement; • Therefore, the “Leave No One Behind” under the SDGs is aimed at goals being a collective agenda that is cognizant of the common but differentiated responsibilities taking into consideration the regional and local contexts within which the SDGs will be implemented and realized. 16 TITLE OF THE PRESENTATION
WHAT NEEDS TO BE DONE? • The region needs its own socio-economic development approach, informed by a new vision for the African economy (Regional BIG; Support of informal economy); • Given that what needs to be done is humongous and requires extensive mobilisation and consciousness; • Regional governments should at minimum get policy right and pursue implementation effectively. In the case of poverty and inequality; • The region should design and implement the policies and strategies that address the various dimensions of poverty and the different aspects of inequality; 17 TITLE OF THE PRESENTATION
REGIONAL & INTERNATIONAL LEGAL INSTRUMENTS • Universal Declaration of Human Rights • International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights • International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights • -Right to Health (Article 12) • Right to Education (Article 13) • Right to Work (Article 6) • Right to Social Security (Article 9) • Africa Charter on Human and People’s Rights • SADC Charter on Fundamental Social Rights 18 TITLE OF THE PRESENTATION
HOW CAN WE PROMOTE BROAD-BASED SUSTAINABLE GROWTH? • AMV from rhetoric to action • Universal basic income grant • Sovereign Wealth Fund • Public interest litigation • SADC TRIBUNAL 19 TITLE OF THE PRESENTATION
STRENGTHENING MONITORING MECHANISMS • Parliament: Oversight Bodies • Civil Society • Human Rights Commissions • Judiciary • Given the multidimensional and indivisible nature of these rights, monitoring is a complex and demanding task, which must consider the following: The normative content of each right; The concomitant obligations of duty bearers: The state to respect, protect, promote and fulfil each ESCR and the efforts they undertake to meet those obligations The interdependence and indivisibility of all rights, including ESCR Cross-cutting human rights principles such as non-discrimination, equality, participation, accountability and the rule of law 20 TITLE OF THE PRESENTATION
Recommend
More recommend
