Presented by Le Hoang Anh Supervised by Prof. Tsujimura 1 - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

JDS International Seminar 2014 – Part II December 15 th , 2014 Assessment of Hydrological Environment of Surface Water and Groundwater in Ninh Thuan Region, Coastal Vietnam Presented by Le Hoang Anh Supervised by Prof. Tsujimura 1

Introduction • Energy is a prerequisite to economic development (WEO, 2004); • Nuclear energy plays a significant and growing role in our world’s ( Anastasio, 2008); 2

Introduction • Energy is a prerequisite to economic development (WEO, 2004); • Nuclear energy plays a significant and growing role in our world’s ( Anastasio, 2008); 3 �

Vietnam Power system Introduction structure 100,000 18.0 Power system structure 90,000 2.9% 4.3% (MOIT. 2011) 16.0 Power consumption (GWh) Electricity growth rate (%) 2010 80,000 14.0 Hydropower 70,000 12.0 Coal-fired power Power consumption (GWh) 60,000 37.7% Oil - fired power Electricity growth rate (%) 10.0 50,000 Gas - fired power 8.0 38.2% 40,000 Gas turbin power 6.0 30,000 Diesel and small HPPs 4.0 20,000 11.0% From China 2.0 10,000 2.7% Hydro power 3.3% 0 0.0 4% Oil & gas fired power 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Coal fired power 6% 750,000 Renewable power 21% 5% Power demand in 2010 - 2030 Nuclear power 650,000 Imported power Forecasted power demand (GWh) 3% 550,000 1% 3% 18% 4% 8% 16% 5% 450,000 46% 26% 350,000 13% 250,000 46% High scenario 19% 56% 150,000 Basic scenario Low scienario 50,000 2020 2025 2030 4 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030

Introduction Water resources in NPPs (EVN. 2013) Output Input Radioactive waste Non – radio waste • • Gaseous waste Air pollutants • Water sources  rays of noble gases • Waste water • Fossil fuels Iodine Technical WW • Radio fuels • (~ 3800 m 3 /day) NPP Liquid waste Radio materials Cooling water (~ 1.5 mill m 3 /h) Iodine • • Solid waste Solid waste Condensed liq waste Technical waste Coastal and Semi-arid areas Spent radio fuels Hazardous waste • Surface water scarcity • Groundwater becomes primary sources (Scanlon et al. 2006) Surface water Groundwater Seawater • Decline of GW levels • Salinization • Degradation of GW quality (Lee et • Detailed studies on water resources al. 1999) • Regular monitoring 5 • Regulation management Sustainable water use

Objectives Unsolved problems • Few information on water resources (SW and GW) in both quality and quantity; • Interaction between GW and SW; • GW evolution and flow system; • Seawater intrusion in GW. Objectives 1. To investigate the hydrochemical characteristics of surface water and groundwater; 2. To clarify GW chemical evolution and flow system; 3. To provide a background information for environmental impact assessment. 6

Methodology Data collection Water resources (volume Meteo-hydro conditions Geological conditions and quality) Field survey In-site monitoring (pH, EC, Investigation of water uses Sample taking T o C and GWL) Laboratory analysis Stable isotopes ( 18 O and 2 H) by MASS Inorganic solutes by IC and ICP (Na + , K + , Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , Cl - , SO 4 2- , NO 3 - ) and HCO 3 - spectrometer Data processing Defining GW and SW Investigating the interaction Assessment of hydrological characteristics between SW and GW environment 7

Study area Hydro – meteo conditions • Climate: semi - arid; • Temperature: 16 – 39 deg. C Nuoc Ngot Freshwater • Precipitation: approx. 900 mm; station Dry season: Jan. – early Sep. Rainy season: Sept. – Dec. Rainfall in dry season: 30% of total annual ; Thai An Water level (m) above sea level 7.0 0 station 6.5 20 6.0 Precipitation (mm) 40 5.5 60 5.0 Nuoc Ngot WL Ninh Thuan 4.5 80 Thai An WL Thai An preci. 4.0 2 NPP 100 3.5 120 3.0 140 2.5 2.0 160 Dec-11 Jan-12 Feb-12 Mar-12 Apr-12 May-12 Jun-12 Jul-12 Aug-12 Sep-12 Oct-12 Nov-12 8

Study area Topo-geological conditions • Average altitude of 20m, on the valley surrounded by high mountains; • Coarse-grained biotite granite is distributed over the site area and porphyritic biotite granite is laminated at altitude of 40m in the south. • Poor floral carpet with grass and agricultural crops. 9

Previous studies September 2012 November 2012 • GWL increases from dry to rainy season, 1-2m in low land and 5 – 25m in high land area; • GWL reaches the peak level after raining 1 – 20 hours. 10

Elevation (m) above sea level 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 0 Previous studies Nov-11 E-o-4 (39.47m) E-o-1 (12.92m) E-r-2 (22.55m) E-r-4 (48.03m) E-o-8 (83.46m) Dec-11 Jan-12 Feb-12 Mar-12 Apr-12 May-12 Jun-12 Jul-12 Aug-12 Sep-12 Oct-12 Nov-12 Dec-12 Jan-13 Feb-13 11

Previous studies (Data from private households’ wells) June 2011 November 2011 January 2012 • Groundwater flow from SW to NE, is suitable with river flow direction; • Near the coastal line, GWL is approx. 1m; • In rainy season, GWL reaches to the ground level. 12

Results and analysis Field surveys 1 st field survey 2 nd field survey 13

Water sampling locations Results and analysis 1 st field survey Analyzing results Time: February 2014 Scale: 30 km Sample: 13 surface water (river, stream, lake & reservoir) GW19 23 groundwater (HH wells and monitoring wells) GW1 GW2 GW3 8 seawater FW7 GW16 GW12 FW12 FW1 FW11 GW17 δ 18 O ( ‰ ) -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 10 Seawater 0 Surfacewater FW4 Coastal GW -10 Downstream GW FW1 δD (‰) -20 Upstream GW -30 FW7 -40 FW6 -50 GW12 -60 14 -70

Water monitoring Results and analysis 2 nd field survey locations Time: August 2014 Scale: 7 km Sample: - 7 surface water - 20 groundwater - 2 seawater Lo O stream Upstream of Nuoc Ngot Household’s well stream reservoir National monitoring station Ho Quat lake 15

Water monitoring Results and analysis 2 nd field survey locations Groundwater level vs. River bed Groundwater level and distance from the sea contour map 16 A’ Groundwater level (m) 14 A Elevation (m) above sea level River bed level (m) 12 10 A’ 8 6 A 4 2 0 -2 2200 2000 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 16 Distance from the sea (m)

Results and analysis 2 nd field survey Analyzed results S5 S4 GW2 GW1 L1 GW3 GW8 S1 S2 L1 L2 S3 GW3 GW6 GW5 GW10 GW13 GW4 GW14 GW12 • GW in Holocene aquifer near the foothill is GW9 GW2 characterized by Ca-SO 4 water type; L2 • GW in Holocene aquifer at low land area is GW1 GW11 characterized by Ca-HCO 3 water type; • GW in Pleistocene aquifer is characterized by GW8 GW7 GW15 Na-HCO 3 water type; • Streams and GW near the shoreline is characterized by Na-Cl water type. 17

Results and analysis 2 nd field survey Analyzed results Cl (meq/l) 3.5 0 5 10 15 0 (Ca+Mg)/(Na+K) ratio 5 3 Well depth (m) 10 2.5 15 2 20 25 1.5 NO 3 (meq/l) 0 1 2 3 0 1 5 Well depth (m) 10 0.5 15 0 20 Holocence aquifer S02 S01 S04 L1 S05 GW15 GW14 GW08 GW11 GW09 GW13 GW10 GW02 Pleistocene aquifer 25 18

Results and analysis 2 nd field survey Analyzed results 10 11 7 14 Holocene aquifer 10 Pleistocene Ca Mg 9 8 Lake & reservoir 8 Stream Ca 2+ (meq/l) 6 12 Na + (meq/l) 7 6 6 5 4 4 5 10 3 2 2 Calcite: CaCO 3 + CO 2 + H 2 O = Ca 2+ + 2HCO 3 - 1 Mg 2+ (meq/L) Ca 2+ (meq/L) 0 4 8 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Dolomite: CaMg(CO 3 ) 2 + CO 2 + H 2 O = Ca 2+ + Mg 2+ 2HCO 3 - 0 2 4 6 8 10 Cl- (meq/l) Cl- (meq/l) 9 9 Gypsum: CaSO 4 + 2H 2 O = Ca 2+ SO 4 2- + 2H 2 O 3 6 8 8 7 7 Ca 2+ (meq/l) Na + (meq/l) 6 6 2 4 5 5 4 4 3 3 1 2 2 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 19 SO 4 (meq/l) HCO 3 - (meq/l) HCO 3 - (meq/l)

Results and analysis Concluding remarks 1. GW flows in the same direction with stream flows (SW – NE) but GWL in dry season 2014 is 2-3 m lower than in 2012; 2. GW in Holocene aquifer shows characteristics of Ca-SO 4 and Ca-HCO 3 water type; 3. GW in Pleistocene aquifer shows characteristics of Na-HCO 3 water type; 4. GW in shallow aquifers is not affected by seawater intrusion; 5. Streams and GW near the shoreline shows characteristic of Na-Cl water type, similar to seawater. 6. Water constituent is caused by freshwater – saline water mixing and weathering process. Future works • Analyze stable isotopes ( 18 O and 2 H); • Study on EMMA method and apply for the research; • Define groundwater recharge and discharge sources. 20

Thank you for your attention! 21