POLYOLS IN SUGAR-FREE AND REDUCED-CALORIE FOODS AND BEVERAGES INFO RM A TIO N FO R NUTRITIO NISTS
WHAT ARE POLYOLS? • L o w-dig e stib le c a rb o hydra te swe e te ne rs, a lso kno wn a s sug a r a lc o ho ls, tho ug h the y a re ne ithe r sug a rs no r a lc o ho ls • Hydro g e na te d fo rms o r mo no -, di- o r po lysa c c ha ride s, me a ning the hydro xyl g ro up re pla c e s the a lde hyde o r ke to ne g ro up 1 • Hydro g e na te d mo no sa c c ha ride s inc lude : D-ta g a to se , e rythrito l, ma nnito l, so rb ito l, xylito l • Hydro g e na te d disa c c ha ride s inc lude : iso ma lt, iso ma ltulo se , ma ltito l, tre ha lo se • Hydro g e na te d po lysa c c ha ride s inc lude : hydro g e na te d sta rc h hydro lysa te s (HSH), po lyg lyc ito ls (e .g ., ma ltito l a nd so rb ito l syrups)
POLYOLS AS SUGAR REPLACERS • Ac c o rding to a 2010 c o nsume r surve y b y the Ca lo rie Co ntro l Co unc il, 78% o f Ame ric a ns who a re trying to lo se we ig ht use lo w-sug a r, sug a r-fre e a nd re duc e d-c a lo rie fo o ds a nd b e ve ra g e s 2
MOST POLYOLS ARE NUTRITIVE • Po lyo ls a re no t c a lo rie -fre e a s the re is so me de g re e o f dig e stio n a nd a b so rptio n o f the c a rb o hydra te • As po lyo ls c a n b e use d to re duc e the le ve l o f sug a r in fo o ds a nd b e ve ra g e s, the y a re c o mmo nly kno wn a s: • Sug a r sub stitute s • Sug a r re pla c e rs • Alte rna tive swe e te ne rs o w-c a lo rie swe e te ne rs 3 • L
CALORIC VALUE OF POLYOLS • Po lyo ls pro vide fe we r c a lo rie s pe r g ra m tha n sug a r, whic h pro vide s 4 c a lo rie s/ g ra m Polyol Calor ic Value * E rythrito l 0.0 c a lo rie s/ g ra m Ma nnito l 1.6 c a lo rie s/ g ra m I so ma lt 2.0 c a lo rie s/ g ra m L a c tito l 2.0 c a lo rie s/ g ra m Ma ltito l 2.1 c a lo rie s/ g ra m Xylito l 2.4 c a lo rie s/ g ra m So rb ito l 2.6 c a lo rie s/ g ra m Hydro g e na te d Sta rc h 3.0 c a lo rie s/ g ra m Hydro lysa te s DA fina l rule o n nutritio n la b e ling 4 *Ca lo ric va lue pe r the F
FUNCTIONALITY IN FOODS AND BEVERAGES • F o r the mo st pa rt, po lyo ls re ta in the c he mic a l struc ture o f sug a rs, me a ning the y ha ve ma ny o f the pro pe rtie s o f sug a r in fo o ds 1 • While func tio na lity va rie s b e twe e n po lyo ls a nd spe c ific a pplic a tio ns, po lyo ls c a n impa rt the fo llo wing pro pe rtie s whic h impa c t func tio na lity: • Swe e tne ss • Bulking , whic h influe nc e s vo lume a nd mo uthfe e l • Mo isture re te ntio n • Wa te r a c tivity inhib itio n • Sug a r c rysta lliza tio n inhib itio n • Visc o sity la vo r re te ntio n a t hig h te mpe ra ture s 1,5-7 • F
WHERE CAN POLYOLS BE FOUND? • Po lyo ls a re prima rily fo und in sug a r-fre e , re duc e d- sug a r, re duc e d-c a lo rie a nd no sug a r a dde d fo o ds a nd b e ve ra g e s • Co nfe c tio na rie s, b a ke d g o o ds, fro ze n de sse rts, syrups, b e ve ra g e s • Che wing g um, b re a th mints • Po lyo ls c a n a lso b e fo und in o ra l he a lth pro duc ts, inc luding to o thpa ste a nd mo uthwa sh, a s we ll a s me dic a tio ns, suc h a s c o ug h me dic ine s • Po lyo ls a re no t so ld a s fo o d ing re die nts fo r ho me use
REGULATION OF POLYOLS IN THE US • I n the US, the F o o d a nd Drug Administra tio n (F DA) re c o g nize s po lyo ls a s e ithe r a ppro ve d fo o d a dditive s o r a s Ge ne ra lly Re c o g nize d a s Sa fe (GRAS) 5 • Appro ve d fo o d a dditive s: ma nnito l, xylito l (fo r spe c ia l die ta ry use s) • GRAS: e rythrito l, iso ma lt, la c tito l, ma ltito l, hydro g e na te d sta rc h hydro lysa te s/ po lyg lyc ito ls
FOOD ADDITIVE APPROVAL VS. GRAS • F o r the fo o d a dditive a ppro va l pro c e ss, ma nufa c ture rs pro vide sa fe ty da ta to the F DA in the fo rm o f a F o o d Additive Pe titio n, whic h is re vie we d b y the Ag e nc y a nd a ppro ve d o r de nie d 8 • F o r tho se ing re die nts whic h me e t the de finitio n o f a fo o d a dditive b ut a re “g e ne ra lly re c o g nize d a s sa fe ,” ma nufa c ture rs c a n file a GRAS no tific a tio n with the F DA a nd c a n re c e ive a n a ffirma tive re spo nse (“le tte r o f no o b je c tio n”) o r a re je c tio n 8 • I ng re die nts a re c o nside re d to b e GRAS b y e xpe rts fo r the inte nde d use in the no tific a tio n
DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION OF POLYOLS • Mo no sa c c ha ride po lyo ls a re a b so rb e d mo re slo wly tha n g luc o se 1,6,7,9 • Di- a nd po lysa c c ha ride po lyo ls a re pa rtia lly o r inc o mple te ly dig e ste d a nd a b so rb e d in the sma ll inte stine a nd fe rme nte d in the la rg e inte stine 1,6,7,9 • Sinc e po lyo ls a re no t c o mple te ly dig e ste d, a b so rb e d a nd me ta b o lize d fo r e ne rg y, the y 6,7,10,11 pro vide fe we r c a lo rie s pe r g ra m tha n sug a r • T o the e xte nt tha t po lyo ls a re me ta b o lize d, typic a lly little to no insulin pro duc tio n is re q uire d 6,7,10,11
POSSIBLE GI EFFECTS • Whe n c o nsume d in e xc e ssive a mo unts b y se nsitive individua ls, po lyo ls c a n le a d to g a stro inte stina l (GI ) e ffe c ts, suc h a s g a s, b lo a ting , a b do mina l disc o mfo rt a nd inc re a se d la xa tio n (inc luding dia rrhe a ) 1,5,9,12 • F DA ha s de fine d “e xc e ssive c o nsumptio n” fo r so rb ito l (mo re tha n 50 g ra ms/ da y) a nd ma nnito l (mo re tha n 20 g ra ms/ da y) 3,6,7,11 • F o o ds whic h mig ht le a d to inta ke c lo se to the se le ve ls a re re q uire d to inc lude a n a dviso ry sta te me nt o n the la b e l
VARIABILITY IN GI EFFECTS • GI e ffe c ts o f po lyo ls c a n va ry a mo ng individua ls a nd b e influe nc e d b y a numb e r o f fa c to rs • Amo unt c o nsume d 1,7,9 • E xc e ssive c o nsumptio n in o ne sitting c a n le a d to GI e ffe c ts re q ue nc y o f c o nsumptio n/ a da pta tio n 1,6,7,9 • F • Po lyo ls a re b e tte r to le ra te d if c o nsume d in sma lle r po rtio ns thro ug ho ut the da y o o d fo rm/ o the r fo o ds a nd nutrie nts c o nsume d 1,9,10 • F • Po lyo ls ma y b e b e tte r to le ra te d in so lid ra the r tha n liq uid fo rm a s so lid fo o ds mo ve thro ug h the GI tra c t mo re slo wly, a llo wing fo r mo re tra nsit time a nd inc re a se d dig e stio n/ a b so rptio n ndividua l c ha ra c te ristic s a nd c o nditio ns 9 • I • Ce rta in he a lth c o nditio ns impa c ting the GI c o uld le a d to inc re a se d GI e ffe c ts (e .g ., irrita b le b o we l syndro me (I BS))
TOLERANCE IN CHILDREN • Due to the ir sma lle r b o dy size , c hildre n mig ht b e e ffe c ts 9 mo re se nsitive to po te ntia l GI • T he re fo re , c a re sho uld b e ta ke n to e nsure tha t c hildre n a re c o nsuming po lyo ls in sma lle r a mo unts 5
PROVIDING GUIDANCE ON GI CONCERNS • I f a c lie nt is c o mpla ining a b o ut GI issue s, c o nsumptio n o f fo o ds a nd b e ve ra g e s swe e te ne d with po lyo ls sho uld b e a sse sse d a lo ng side o the r die ta ry, life style a nd he a lth fa c to rs • I f a c lie nt ha s re c e ntly inc re a se d inta ke o f po lyo ls, sha re info rma tio n a b o ut po lyo ls, suc h a s the fo llo wing : • Po lyo ls a re b e tte r to le ra te d in so lid ve rsus liq uid fo rms • L a rg e r inta ke s ma y b e a c c e pte d if g ra dua lly inc re a se d o ve r da ys o r we e ks a nd divide d into po rtio ns thro ug ho ut the da y • E xc e ss c o nsumptio n o f po lyo ls ma y sig na l a n a ssumptio n tha t o the r fo o ds c a n b e c o nsume d witho ut limit; the re fo re , a n e xpla na tio n o f to ta l c a lo rie s, no t just sug a r c o nte nt, sho uld b e g ive n
GLYCEMIC RESPONSE • Co nsumptio n o f fo o ds a nd b e ve ra g e s with po lyo ls pro duc e s a lo we r g lyc e mic re spo nse tha t simila r pro duc ts ma de with fully fe rme nta b le c a rb o hydra te s 13 • Slo we r a nd inc o mple te a b so rptio n le a ds to sma lle r a mo unts a nd/ o r a mo re slo wly a va ila b le supply o f g luc o se 10 • Po lyo ls pro duc e a sig nific a ntly lo we r po st-pra ndia l b lo o d g luc o se re spo nse c o mpa re d to fruc to se , g luc o se a nd suc ro se 13,14 • Po lyo ls e ffe c t b lo o d g luc o se to so me e xte nt in individua ls with a nd witho ut dia b e te s 15
WEIGHT MANAGEMENT • Po lyo ls c a n b e use d in the c o nte xt o f the o ve ra ll e a ting pa tte rn a s o ne wa y to a ssist with we ig ht ma na g e me nt 7,14,15 • Due to the ir inc o mple te me ta b o lism, po lyo ls pro vide a ppro xima te ly ha lf the e ne rg y o f o the r c a rb o hydra te s, so re pla c ing fo o ds a nd b e ve ra g e s ma de with po lyo ls fo r hig he r-sug a r ve rsio ns mig ht he lp re duc e c a lo rie c o nsumptio n 1,3
DENTAL CARIES • Po lyo ls, a nd pa rtic ula rly xylito l, do no t pro mo te to o th de c a y a nd c o uld a ssist in pre ve ntio n o f de nta l c a rie s • Po lyo ls, unlike sug a rs, a re a po o r so urc e o f e ne rg y fo r mic ro o rg a nisms in the mo nth a nd the re fo re , a re me ta b o lize d slo wly o r no t a t a ll b y pla q ue -synthe sizing b a c te ria 5,10,16 • Xylito l ma y b e b e ne fic ia l in pro mo ting to o th re mine ra liza tio n 10,16
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