BIODIVERSITY conservation--- policies and challenges. By Dr Soumana Datta Dept of Botany UOR, Jaipur soumanadatta@gmail.com ICED, Jaipur 2015
• The (CBD)Convention was opened for signature on 5 June 1992 at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (the Rio "Earth Summit"). It remained open for signature until 4 June 1993, by which time it had received 168 signatures. The Convention entered into force on 29 December 1993, which was 90 days after the 30th ratification. The first session of the Conference of the Parties was scheduled for 28 November – 9 December 1994 in the Bahamas.
National Biodiversity Strategies and Action Plans (NBSAPs) • Article 6 of the Convention on General Measures for Conservation and Sustainable Use states that each Contracting Party shall, in accordance with its particular conditions and capabilities: – Develop national strategies, plans or programmes for the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity or adapt for this purpose existing strategies, plans or programmes which shall reflect, inter alia, the measures set out in this Convention relevant to the Contracting Party concerned – Integrate, as far as possible and as appropriate, the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity into relevant sectoral or cross-sectoral plans, programmes and policies.
CBD resolutions--Responsibility of each country NEPAL NATIONAL BIODIVERSITY STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN 2014-2020 PREPARED BY GOVERNMENT OF NEPAL MINISTRY OF FORESTS AND SOIL CONSERVATION SINGHADURBAR, KATHMANDU, NEPAL (JULY 2014) INDIA HAS FORMED NBA, SBBs and VFM/BMC
Why study BIODIVERSITY — a roadmap for OUR COMMON FUTURE
GLOBAL PROTECTED AREAS PROGRAM • The IUCN World Parks Congress is a landmark global forum on protected areas held every ten years. As the world’s most influential gathering of people involved in protected area management, it sets the global agenda for the following decade. • The next IUCN World Parks Congress took place on 12 - 19 November 2014 in Sydney, Australia. • LOCAL EFFORTS AT CONSERVATION ENCOURAGED
ORANS --KRAPAVIS, ALWAR
WHAT ARE ORANS? • 100 kms beyond Alwar in Rajasthan in the Oran, or sacred grove, of Jugrawar Roondh, covering an area of 165 hectares. • In arid Rajasthan,even at 50 ° C, Orans provide shade, fuel wood, fodder and even food and livelihood for humans and animals. • They are controlled by local communities in a complex management system. • Excellent system of how local communities protected their common resource base and provided food and water for animals in harsh and arid conditions.
2011--Int. year of the forests • Why? To focus the world’s attention on the need to increase the protection of forests and make sure that their high importance for biodiversity conservation, climate stabilization and economic development is not undervalued.
When forests (hotspots) are lost? • These forests have all lost 90% or more of their original habitat and each harbor at least 1500 endemic plant species (species found nowhere else in the world). If these forests are lost, those endemic species are also lost forever. • These forests potentially support the lives of close to one billion people who live in or around them, and directly or indirectly depend on the natural resources forest ecosystems provide.
What do we need to record forests Biodiversity? • Forests overall cover only 30 percent of our planet’s area and yet they are home to 80 percent of the world’s terrestrial biodiversity. They also sustain the livelihoods for 1.6 billion people, who directly depend on healthy forests for income. • The trees, flowers, animals and micro- organisms found in forests form a complex web of life. • The interactions between the species and the ecosystems in them function as natural factories of some of our most basic needs, like clean air, healthy soils, medicines, crop pollination and fresh water.
Endangered hotspots • Indo-Burma, • New Caledonia, • Sundaland, • Philippines, Atlantic Forest, • Mountains of Southwest China, • California Floristic Province, • Coastal Forests of Eastern Africa, • Madagascar & Indian Ocean Islands and • Eastern Afromontane.
CALIFORNIA FORESTS • Several large mammal species once found here have gone extinct, including the grizzly bear ( Ursus arctos ), which appears on the flag of California and has been the state symbol for more than 150 years. • Wilderness destruction caused by commercial farming is a major threat for the region, which generates half of all the agricultural products used by U.S. consumers.
GRIZZLY BEAR
Giant panda---south west China
COFFEE PLANTATIONS — ATLANTIC FORESTS
Where to start? What to do? • Training • Capacity building • Refresher courses • Conferences, seminars, field visits, workshops
Recording biodiversity- WHERE TO START? • Deciding on the study team and locality Study team and study sites • 1. Listing of activities linked to natural resources ( done through group discussions) • Activities of local people • Activities of outsiders
Who is the user group? • Delineation and documentation of user groups: local and external • (group discussions) • Local user groups • External user groups • Drivers and impact of (Local / External) user groups • Recording movement of nomadic groups
Looking for the GYANI • Identification of knowledgeable individuals (group discussions) • Knowledgeable individuals- local • Knowledgeable individuals- external
LOCATION RECORDING • Listing of landscape/ waterscape element types and sub-types, participatory mapping and recording of code numbers of significant elements indicated on the map (group discussions) • WETLANDS-- types and subtypes • Participatory map
MAKING INVENTORIES Listing of functional species groups (e.g. fuel- wood, edible fish) selected for further documentation. (group discussions) Functional species- groups • Inventory of locally available life forms known to local community members, and listing of focal taxa selected for further documentation (group discussions) Locally known life-forms
Withania somnifera (Solanaceae)
Diversity in crop plants
Focus of PBR in each area • Documentation of issues that local community members would like to serve as the focus of the PBR exercise, and the associated taxa, functional species groups and landscape/ waterscape elements (group discussions) Key concerns
Conserving water resources
Management status • Documentation of status, dynamics, and management issues relating to various landscape/ waterscape element types/ sub-types considered as a whole (group discussions) • Landscape status • Landscape management • Waterscape status and dynamics • Waterscape management
Flora and fauna survey • Documentation of status of various focal taxa and species groups in focal landscape/ waterscape elements (field observations) • Focal taxa abundance, field survey
What are ecosystem services? • Goods/ bads and services/ disservices are defined with respect to their use-values to an individual, a group of individuals or a community. • In almost every case, many of the ecosystem goods and services of an area are used by people living outside. They may access these--- • through the market (e.g. a marketed NTFP such as Garcinia fruit), • by virtue of locational advantages (e.g. watershed benefits in downstream areas) or • by physically accessing the ecosystem (e.g. collecting firewood or enjoying scenic beauties).
Ecosystem benefits for large communities Forests, for example, provide carbon sequestration benefits to the global community at large with impacts potentially reaching a small island nation or a low lying delta facing threats of submergence thousands of miles away. These benefits will typically have no significance for the local people.
Aerial view of Maldives islands
Ecosystem v/s Industrial goods and services • Ecosystem Goods --Locally available medicinal herb (Relatively little transformation, no welldefined market, labour-intensive collection process) • Industrial goods--Commercially produced drug capsule (High degree of transformation, well defined market, capital-intensive production process)
Bads and disservices • Ecosystem bads services- Pests, disease vectors, pathogens • Industrial services--Persistent organic pollutants such as DDT. • Ecosystem Disservices --Landslides, floods, tsunamis • Industrial disservices--Destruction of atmospheric ozone layer as a result of emission of CFCs from refrigeration processes
Ecosystem services • Evergreen forests are origin of streams • Evergreen forests are repository of honeybees • Evergreen forests are aesthetically and often, culturally important (for example, when certain spots are associated with sacred beliefs). • Grasslands provide for grazing of livestock • Flowering of rubber plantations increases availability of honey • Plantations check soil erosion due to contour formations • Water streams provide water for irrigation and domestic uses
Honey collection
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