Plasma in Energy Research -Fusion & Geothermal- 5th SPSP, Port Said 1-5 March 2020 Mohamed Ezzat Mansoura University & ETH-Zurich Webpage: geg.ethz.ch/mohamed-ezzat Email: m.ezzat@erdw.ethz.ch March 3, 2020 1/20
Outline Introduction Fusion Energy Geothermal Energy Keep in mind 2/20
Introduction - Speaker’s background 3/20
Introduction - Energy policy In the 19 th century: ◮ Fossil fuels reservoirs capacity. ◮ Consumption rate. 4/20
Introduction - Energy policy In the 19 th century: ◮ Fossil fuels reservoirs capacity. ◮ Consumption rate. In the 20 th century: ◮ Nuclear accidents (e.g, Fukushima disaster,..). ◮ CO 2 emission ⇒ climate change. 4/20
Introduction - Energy policy In the 19 th century: ◮ Fossil fuels reservoirs capacity. ◮ Consumption rate. In the 20 th century: ◮ Nuclear accidents (e.g, Fukushima disaster,..). ◮ CO 2 emission ⇒ climate change. Therefore, the required energy resources need to be available -fuel and the technology, environmental -low CO 2 emission, safe, and sustainable. 4/20
Outline Introduction Fusion Energy Geothermal Energy Keep in mind 5/20
Fusion Energy 6/20
Fusion Energy - Why? 7/20
Fusion Energy - Magnetic confinement 8/20
Fusion Energy - Tokamak vs stellerator 9/20
Fusion Energy - Triple product 10/20
Outline Introduction Fusion Energy Geothermal Energy Keep in mind 11/20
Geothermal Energy 12/20
Geothermal Energy (Drilling) ◮ Expensive drilling cost that increases exponentially with depth because of the: (e.g: 38 M e for two 3km wells St. Gallen project) [Overcoming Research Challenges for Geothermal Energy - EU Com., 2014] 1. Low penetration rate 3-5 m/h in hard rocks. 2. Low wear resistance in hard rocks ⇒ short life-time ⇒ increase the tripping cycles. 3. Long tripping time. ◮ Small diameter of the production well because of several casing stages. 13/20
Plasma Pulse for Geo-Drilling (Advantages) Mechanical Rotary PPGD Reference Tripping time [hour] 268 40 [Anders, et al. 2017] Bit life time [hour] 50 350 (contactless) [Anders, et al. 2017] Frag. specific energy [J/ cm 3 ] 400 200 (Tensile) [Ushakov, et al. 2019] Simultaneous casing Not possible Possible [Hirschberg, et al. 2015] Drilling cost formula: C D = N T × C Bit + C Rig [ H / ROP + N T × t T ] H 14/20
Plasma Pulse Geo-Drilling (Concept) No drilling fluid. Pulse generator - High voltage electrode - Grounded electrode - Plasma channel 15/20
Plasma Pulse Geo-Drilling (Concept) With drilling fluid No drilling fluid. (normal pulse). Pulse generator - High voltage electrode - Grounded electrode - Plasma channel - Drilling fluid (water) 15/20
Plasma Pulse Geo-Drilling (Concept) With drilling fluid With drilling fluid (short No drilling fluid. (normal pulse). pulse). Pulse generator - High voltage electrode - Grounded electrode - Plasma channel - Drilling fluid (water) If the pulse rising time is less than 0.5 µ s , the dielectric strength of the rock will become less than the dielectric strength of the drilling fluid (water). [Vorobev, et al. 1961 (in Russian) as cited in Boev, et al., 1997, Ushakov, et al. 2019]. 15/20
Plasma-Pulse Geo-Drilling (High voltage short pulse) 1.0 0.8 0.6 Rising time= 0.7 μs f pulse Rising time= 0.3 μs 0.4 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 t [μs] 16/20
Plasma-Pulse Geo-Drilling (Damage phases) 17/20
Plasma-Pulse Geo-Drilling (Plasma formation in pores) Continuity equation: ∂ n s ∂ t + ∂ Γ s ∂ x = S i (1) Flux & source term: ∂ n s Γ s = q µ s En s − D s ∂ x & S i = α i ( E , ǫ ) Γ e (2) Momentum equation: ∂ ( n e ǫ ) + ∂ Γ ǫ � � α i ǫ i + α ex ǫ ex + 3m e ∂ x = − eΓ e E − Γ e α e1 T e (3) ∂ t m i Poission equation: E = − ∂ Φ (4) ∂ x 18/20
Outline Introduction Fusion Energy Geothermal Energy Keep in mind 19/20
Keep in mind ◮ Plasma can be found in huge number of phenomena (in lab & nature). Therefore, it is essential to define the physics of the phenomenon and then select the appropriate plasma model for that phenomenon. 20/20
Keep in mind ◮ Plasma can be found in huge number of phenomena (in lab & nature). Therefore, it is essential to define the physics of the phenomenon and then select the appropriate plasma model for that phenomenon. ◮ One energy resource can not solve the energy crisis, but a combination of the different clean resources (e.g., fusion, geothermal, wind, solar, hydropower, biomass, and etc.,). 20/20
Keep in mind ◮ Plasma can be found in huge number of phenomena (in lab & nature). Therefore, it is essential to define the physics of the phenomenon and then select the appropriate plasma model for that phenomenon. ◮ One energy resource can not solve the energy crisis, but a combination of the different clean resources (e.g., fusion, geothermal, wind, solar, hydropower, biomass, and etc.,). Thank you for your attention! Should you have any question or need reference, please write to me: m.ezzat@erdw.ethz.ch 20/20
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