Plant health surveys in Europe: background, current situation and next challenges Massimo Faccoli University of Padua, Italy DETECTION AND CONTROL OF FOREST INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES IN A DYNAMIC WORLD 25-28 September 2019 Ljubljana, Slovenia
The number of non-native species is constantly increasing… ……….and this trend is not going to stop!
International trade is constantly increasing 2
Climate change favors non- native species invasion
Where are exotic species from? No of bark beetles intercepted in the USA Asia and Africa: exploring new markets means accessibility of 4 new species!
Distribution of alien species in EU European countries largely differ in the number of alien invertebrates Western countries the most colonized No. Alien Species richness correlated with: invertebrate species 7-49 - country surface area 50-99 - longitude & latitude 100-199 200-299 - per-capita income 300-399 - volume of imports 400-499 - size of the road network 500-589 Med countries more susceptible: - climatic conditions - habitat diversity - N of points-of-entry
Who are the invaders? USA New Zealand Coleoptera are among the most succesfull non- native species …
… and among coleoptera there are mainly wood- boring beetles! Scolytinae Bark beetles Ambrosia beetles bore under the bark bore within the wood phloem-feeders fungus-feeders high host specificity low host specificity Cerambycidae
International Global Biological + = trade warming invasions
We CANNOT STOP biological invasions! but we can try to contain the problem and to reduce the impacts Early-detection, quick-identification, rapid response
How to contain the problem? 1) Inventory of alien species and updated databases The first inventory of aliens at a continental scale 18 teams covering whole Europe 42 countries and 20 islands surveyed http://www.europe-aliens.org 12000 alien species from plants to mammals 100 factsheets for the ‘worst’ invasive species + 100 for most representative terrestrial invertebrates “ Handbook of alien invasive species in Europe ”, Springer-Verlag, September 2008
https://easin.jrc.ec.europa.eu EASIN facilitates the exploration of existing Alien Species information from a variety of distributed information sources recognized standards.
EPPO Datasheets: an information exchange system Information about taxonomy, distribution, host-trees, biology, detection, damage, control, survey techniques and identification of invasive alien species: ...but also PERSEUS, EUROPHYT, PIN …
How to contain the problem? 2) Better understand the entry pathways: - How do alien species move? - Which are the more risky commodities? Different species travel in different ways! Meurisse et al. 2019
Know the pathways of arrival and the infested goods to concentrate the survey in the most risky sites: Tree nurseries Timber importers Wood-waste landfills Urban areas Industrial parks Port-of-entry - Save time Natural habitats - Reduce the monitoring costs - Increase the probability of early-detection and quick-eradication
Planning the survey: identify the best sites! Port Surrounding forests 10 km Richness Forest cover Import Forest type
How to contain the problem? 3) Develop new tools and strategies for detection of IAS Emergence holes and larval galleries Direct detection methods Wood dust and frass Direct good inspection and IAS detection Insect occurrence
Undirect detection methods : looking for IAS not on the goods but in the environment Sentinel trees : species known to be susceptible for a certain target insect Potted trees in ports and Check urban trees airports
Trapping: traps baited with attractive lures at high-risk sites Trap models A lot of trap models exist on the market…. Black Green Purple Black Green Any color Multitrap Multi-funnel Cross-vane … but specific organisms may need specific requirements!
Choose the trap model according to the target species or group of species Longhorn beetles Jewel beetles Bark beetles Slot-window traps Cross-vane traps Multi-funnel traps
Lures Specific lures Pheromones (e.g., Galloprotect Kit) Single species (e.g. quarantine species) Kairomones (e.g. ethanol, α-pinene) Generic lures Wide range of species (e.g. generic early-detection)
Surveillance at ports with generic lures: 8 Established Native Intercepted Exotic 67 14 New 4 2 6 ambrosia beetles 11 species of Xyleborus volvulus Xyleborus ferrugineus scolytids 5 bark beetles 3 species of longhorn beetles Cordylomera spinicornis Phoracantha recurva Xylotrechus stebbingi
Traps activated with: Multi-lure: Single-lure Positive: Lower number of traps VS Negative: Possible negative interactions among lures?
Single-lure Vs multi-lure in Italian ports, an example:
Develop and exploit innovative tools: Smart-traps provided of camera sending pictures to a web-site (or a smart-phone) Multi-funnel traps modified with camera • - Camera located under the trap • - Image took from above the trap container
Smart-traps Leptoglossus occidentalis Acanthocinus griseus (8-13 mm) (16-20 mm) Monochamus galloprovincialis/sutor (21-35 mm)
Smart-trap applications
Smart-traps: possible automatic identification and counting of trapped insects! http://www.trapview.com/en
Trans-traps: intercept alien species before their arrival! Light-traps in the containers
Develop and exploit innovative tools: Sniffer dogs : trained for detection of specific pests Succesfull on various insect species (e.g., Anoplophora glabripennis )
Develop and exploit innovative tools: Laser vibrometry Sounds and vibrations produced by larvae during feeding (or moving) inside the wood Vibrometer
A. glabripennis M. galloprovincialis Different species produce different stridulations! S. punctata N. acuminatus X. stebbingii Faccoli, unpublished data
How to contain the problem? 4) Increase collaboration between research centers and field operators: 4.a: Better exploit information reported on interception databases Which species are most European Union Notification System for commonly intercepted in Plant Health Interceptions - EUROPHYT other EU countries? Which species are most PIN (Port Information Network) commonly intercepted in other continents?
4.b Identify and report also native species trapped or intercepted at ports
Native species trapped at ports Exotic species intercepted at ports in Italy in the USA (2012-2014) (1984-2014) N ° of interceptions in N ° of receiving US countries the US Abundance in Italian ports Abundance in Italian ports Rassati and Faccoli, unpublished
How to contain the problem? 5) Quick and sure species identification Identification of trapped insects in generic surveillance: morphology a) Morphology keys books websites experts Better exploit and reinforce EU laboratories for species identification! Training for insect identification , e.g. http://ambrosiasymbiosis.org/academy
How to contain the problem? 5) Quick and sure species identification Identification of trapped insects and associated organisms: genetics b) Genetic analysis HTS DNA metabarcoding List of trapped Species (if I have the primers)
How to contain the problem? 6) Citizen science: awareness raising campaigns Exploit citizen science
Programme in the USA: detect alien species in your garden! - Cheap - Easy to handle - Citizen science - Mainly for bark and ambrosia beetles http://www.backyardbarkbeetles.org/ https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_co ntinue=20&v=VBM0namAJz8
How to contain the problem? 7) International collaboration and coordination International analysis center
EDRR Programme in the USA: Multi-funnel trap Training video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3CbZkl_Ksc0&t=99s
Cameras location Latest image List of available cameras Cameras location
Conclusions - Biological invasions will increase in the next future - We cannot stop them - We can contrast by: 1) Better knowledge of IAS 2) Better understanding of arrival pathways 3) Develop and exploit innovative tools 4) Increase collaboration between operators 5) Quick species identification 6) Citizen science 7) International collaboration and coordination
Two new «friends» found this year in Slovenia … Ambrosiodmus Ambrosiophilus rubricollis atratus
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