Cracow University of Technology, Poland PHOSPHATE INDUSTRY IN THE BALANCE OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND CIRCULAR ECONOMY Katarzyna Gorazda B.T arko, H.Kominko, Z. Wzorek, A.K.Nowak 7TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SUSTAINABLE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT 26-29 June 2019, Heraklion, Crete Island, Greece
CIRCULAR ECONOMY c e s u r o s e r o t e € P t s r o a d w u m c t Circular economy (CE) is sustainable o i o r n F development strategy W a s Is characterized in closed loop fmows of materials t e m n a in production, distribution and consumption. o n i a t g p e m m u (Su et al., 2013; e s n n t o C Ghisellini et al., 2016 ) CLEANER INNOVATIONS - implement the concept of sustainable development, which combines activities in a number of areas THE TECHNICAL AREA is considered to be the most POLITICAL TECHNICAL POLITICAL TECHNICAL ECOLOGICAL SOCIAL ECOLOGICAL SOCIAL ECONOMIC signifjcant one due to the ECONOMIC minimization of environmental destruction through the interference into the technological process thanks to the achievements of technical sciences Pawłowski, A., How many dimensions does sustainable development have?, Sustainable Development 2008, 16, 81-90. 2
CLEANER INNOVATIONS assume three levels of activity, which may be chosen individually in order to improve the productio This is a solution which conditions the best efgects. requires The basic process considerable accessibility of remains workforce, techniques, fjnances, unchanged, and it must be accompanied by signifjcant an increase in the profjtability of a modifjcations are given company carried out before and, above all, after the main process MODIFICATI ON of the technological process, OPTIMIZATIO The fjrst stage in the N of the implementation of existing cleaner technologies, technological thus allowing the process control and generation of savings in the stream fmows of matter, energy and raw materials. Misra K. B. (Ed.) Clean Production Environmental and Economic Perspectives, Springer 3
PHOSPHATE INDUSTRY Assesment of the phosphate industry: • signifjcant feedstock problems • negative environmental impact. • excessive energy-consumption biosphere, animals obtain phosphorus from food (plants or lower trophic-level animals) plants, in turn, obtain phosphorus from soils 3,00% 2,00% 1,00% 7,00% 5,00% Mineral sources of soil phosphorus originally come from rock, that has taken around 10–15 million years to form fertilizers feed additives detergents 82,00% technical phosphorus for other technologies food additives TOTAL PRODUCTION 24.87 Mln t P from 191 Mln t phosphate rocks other G.M. Filippelli / Chemosphere 84 (2011) 759–766 761 4 R.W. Scholz et al. / Science of the T otal Environment 461–462 (2013) 799–803
PHOSPHORUS – CRITICAL ELEMENT Import to EU 2010-2014 P P Biogenic Firearms, grenades, element napalm component Energy Chemical carrier in weapons, war cells gases (tabun, sarin, soman, VX) Nucleic acids component Pestycidies Drugs (Dezomorphine, Bone the so-called component crocodile, methamphetam ine) Study on the review of the list of critical raw materials, EU 5 Commission, 2017
PHOSPHATE INDUSTRY - Non-renewable resources as an input material Static resource lifetime reserves/production „early warning indicator” ores with a lower concentration of the main component, a higher level of impurities, in places requiring the use of more advanced technologies D. A. Vaccari, M. Mew, R. W. Scholz, i F .-W. Wellmer, „Exploration: What reserves and resources?”, Springer, 2014, p. 129–151 6
PHOSPHATE INDUSTRY – POLISH CASE WASTE 06 09 - waste from the production, WASTE preparation, marketing and use of phosphorous chemicals with Group 06: 2 149.7 thousand tons chemical processes of phosphorus total mass on landfjlls till 2013: processing 112 806.4 thousand tons 1 533.4 thousand tons Recovery rate<20% PHOSPHATE ROCK 949 000 tons technical (phosphoric) 308 000 tons P 2 O 5 acid from Algiers , Egypt and fertilizer ammonium Ch. W. Police S.A., Syria phosphate (MAP, DAP) 19.07 mln tons forage calcium ELEMENTAL phosphate, waste PHOSPHORUS during 2004-2010 sodium phosphates, 25 000 tons from Kazachstan triple superphosphate, phosphorus oxide technical, technical phosphorus sulphide, phosphorus chloride technical National Statistical Offjce, 2014. Waste catalog, 29.12.2014, Dz. U. poz 1923. 7
PHOSPHATE INDUSTRY – SUSTAINABLE SOLUTIONS Environmentally friendly solutions includes: Change of the production technology Feedstock fmow release single-stage production and replacement Improvement of the method phosphorus balance in application of waste raw of sodium tripolyphosphate waste streams materials available on a domestic market Hemihydrate technology for phosphoric acid production 8
PHOSPHATE INDUSTRY – SUSTAINABLE SOLUTIONS Environmental technologies introduce a constant improvement on processes, products and services through the protection of raw materials. STRATEGIES FOR RAW MATERIALS the limitation of feedstock fmow (decreased exploitation), feedstock fmow release (quality, longer exploitation), feedstock fmow recycling (re-use) feedstock fmow replacement (renewable materials) 9
CLEANER INNOVATIONS IN THE PRODUCTION OF PHOSPHATE SAL TS 10
feedstock fmow replacement (renewable materials) SEWAGE SLUDGE ASH VS PHOSPHATE ROCK 0,8 K2O 1,1 Polish SSA 0,5 Na2O Lower Ca comparable Lower Ca comparable 0,5 average P source content P source content 2,0 MgO 3,7 4,2 Al2O3 8,0 preferred preferred 5,5 Fe2O3 micronutrie particle micronutrie particle 9,9 size:84-99% ntsFe, Cu, size:84-99% ntsFe, Cu, below 0,25 Zn, Mn, below 0,25 Zn, Mn, 22,0 SiO2 mm 39,3 mm 33,3 CaO 17,5 28,1 P2O5 22,5 0,0 5,0 10,0 15,0 20,0 25,0 30,0 35,0 40,0 45,0 % wt K. Gorazda , B. T arko, Z. Wzorek , H. Kominko, A.K. Nowak, J. Kulczycka, A. Henclik, M. Smol, „Fertilisers production from ashes after sewage sludge combustion -strategy towards sustainable development“, Environmental Research, 2017, 154(2017), s.171-180. 11
feedstock fmow replacement (renewable produkcji fosforowych soli nawozowych materials) Evaluation of the raw material potential of ashes after the combustion of sewage sludge generated in Poland Selected industrial objects have been characterized T echnological sequences and the amount of ashes generated have been followed. • the actual • The amount of • total annual annual ash produced capacity of potential of in Poland existing mono- installations combustion 100 000 100 000 170 620 170 620 Mg Mg Mg d.s of Mg d.s of 43 000 Mg 43 000 Mg sewage sewage d.s of sewage d.s of sewage sludge sludge sludge sludge The technology of combustion in a fmuidized bed furnace, grate furnace Process residues are transferred to external companies, solidifjed or stored, in accordance with processes D5, R5 M. Smol, J. Kulczycka, A. Henclik , K. Gorazda, Z. Wzorek, “The possible use of Sewage sludge Ash in the construction industry as a way towards a circular economy”, Journal of Cleaner Production, 2015, 95, s.45-54, K. Gorazda, Z. Wzorek, A.K. Nowak, B. T arko,“ Odzysk fosforu z popiołów ze spalenia osadów ściekowych- analiza potencjału surowcowego“, Gospodarka odpadami komunalnymi, T om IX, Komitet Chemii Analitycznej PAN, 2013, 12 Wydawnictwo Politechniki Łódzkiej,
feedstock fmow replacement (renewable materials) EXTRACTI EXTRACTI ON ON METHODS METHODS SS THERMAL THERMAL A METHODS METHODS Technological challenges: • In thermochemical methods, low iron content in ashes is required • Extraction of ash using hydrochloric and sulfuric acid (VI) involves the generation of additional waste in the form of calcium chloride or phosphogypsum • high recovery effjciency • process fmexibility K. Gorazda, Z. Wzorek, A. K. Nowak, B. T arko, J. Kulczycka, A. Henclik, Phosphorus cycle- possibilities for its rebuilding, 2013, Acta Biochimica Polonica , 60(4), s.725-730. 13
feedstock fmow replacement (renewable materials) important factors: - the origin of sewage sludge - methods applied in sewage treatment plant - combustion technology TRL 5 Extraction Neutralisation Filtration Granulation Gorazda, K., Jodko, M., Kowalski, Z., Wzorek, Z. (2010) PL Patent No. 207630 B1, 14 Gorazda, K., Jodko, M., Kowalski, Z., Wzorek, Z. (2012) PL Patent No. 210459 B1
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