Phonetics and Phonemics 1 Phonetics and Phonemics : The principle - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Phonetics and Phonemics 1

Phonetics and Phonemics :  The principle goal of Phonetics is to provide an exact description of every known speech sound  Domain of phonetics is independent of any particular language  Phonemics is used for the study of speech sounds as they are perceived by speakers of a particular language 2

Phonetics :  Articulatory phonetics  How any given speech sound is produced, with particular emphasis on anatomical detail  Acoustic phonetics  The emphasis is on observable, measurable characteristics in the waveform of speech sounds  Provides theoretical and experimental background for speech recognition and synthesis by electronic hardware 3

Articulatory phonetics :  The first task of articulatory phonetics is to describe speech sounds in the terms of position of the vocal organs  Phonetic alphabet  Phoneticians have had to devise their own system of notation  IPA  ARPAbet 4

Excitation Of The Speech System  Phonation  Whispering  Frication  Compression  Vibration 5

Articulatory phonetics (consonants)  Consonants are easy to define in anatomical terms  Point of articulation is the location of the principal constriction in the vocal tract  Bilabial  Labiodental  Apicodental  Apicogingival  Apicoalveolar  Apicodomal  Laminoalveolar  Laminodomal  Centrodomal  Dorsovelar  Pharyngeal  Glottal

… Consonants:  Manner of articulation: the degree constriction at the point of articulation and the manner of release into the following sound  Plosive  Aspirated  Affricative  Fricative  Lateral  Semivowel  Nasal  Trill 7

… Consonants:  Voicing: this indicates the presence or absence of phonation  Voiced  Unvoiced 8

Articulatory phonetics (vowels) :  Vowels: vowels are much less well defined than consonants, this because tongue typically never touches another organ and vowels described by  Tongue high or low  Tongue front or back  Lips rounded or unrounded  Nasalized or unnasalized  Diphthongs: combined two vowel sound in a single syllable by moving tongue from one position to another 9

Articulatory phonetics :  Coarticulation:  No speech sound is produced accurately in the context of other sound  Overlapping of phonetic features from phone to phone is termed coarticulation 10

Phonemics :  Phonetics is a view of speech sounds independent of the language  Phonemics is the view of speech sounds within a specific language  Phonemes  Phonetics: an individual sound is a phone  Phonemics: the smallest meaningful unit in a specific language is the phoneme 11

Phonemics (phonemes) :  A phoneme is the smallest sound unit in a given language that is sufficient to differentiate one word from another  Example:  In English, Voicing is a feature which distinguishes between two phonemes  ‘ bug ’ contrast with ‘ buck ’  In some contexts voicing is not phonemics in German  ‘ Tag ’ can be pronounced either [ta:g] or [ta:k] 12

World ’ s languages tree (Oxford Encyclopedia) 800 million SINO-TIBETAN 1,500 million 150 million Burmese Chinese SEMITIC and Related INDO-EUROPEAN * Thai Arabic Tibetan Ethiopic 150 million … Hamitic BANTU and Related Hebrew … Swahili 140 million Zulu … MALAY-POLYNESIAN Hawaiian 130 million 100 million Indonesian Maori JAPANESE-KOREAN URAL-ALTAIC … Finnish Hungarian 45 million 130 million Mongolian Turkish SOUTH-ASIAN DRAVIDIAN … Vietnamese Malayalam, Tamil, Telugu 10 million Khmer … LATIN-AMERICAN INDIAN … Quechua 10 million 60,000 Guarani NORTH-AMERICAN Eskimo-Aleut Arawak INDIAN Carib … Aztecan, Algonquin, Iroquoian, Sioan, …

World ’ s languages tree (Cont ’ d ) Indo-Iranian Afghan Bengali Germanic Armenian Hindi Dutch, Flemish Kurdish English Persian German Sanskrit Albanian Scandinavian Singhalese Danish Urdu Icelandic … Norwegian Swedish Romance Yiddish Italian French Hellenic Portuguese Greek Romanian Spanish … Celtic Slavic Breton Bulgarian Irish Gaelic Czech Welsh Macedonian … Polish Russian Baltic Serbo-Croatian Lithunian Slovak Lettish Slovene Ukrainian …

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Phonemics (phonemes) :  The largest number of phoneme known is 45 in Chipewyan , the smallest is 13 in Hawaiian  English has 31 to 64 and Persian has 29 to 45 phonemes, depending on how they are analyzed 17

Phonemics (Allophones) :  A phoneme is actually a set of phonetically similar sound which are accepted by the speakers of the language as being the same sound. Members of the set are called allophones.  Example:  The /k/ in “ kin ” and “ cup ” .  The /k/ in “ cope ” and “ scope ” . 18

English Phonemes uw ux uh ah ax ah-h aa ao ae eh Vowels ih ix ey iy ay ow aw oy er axr el y r l el w Semi-vowels jh ch s z sh zh f v th dh Fricatives m n ng em en eng nx Nasals b d g p t k dx q Stops bcl dcl gcl pcl tcl kcl hv hh Aspiration 19

Parsian Phonemes اه يراجفنا اه هكاو ب b i پ ي ،هي p ط ،ت e t د d هب، a ك c u ك ( k ) و و  گ o و، گ ( g )  آ،ا غ،ق G ءع ،  20

Parsian Phonemes (Cont ’ d) اه يشياس يراجفنا اه يشياس d ج  ف f چ و  t v ص ،س ،ث اه هكاو هبش s l ل ظ ،ض ،ذ ،ز Z ر  ش r م ژ  m ن خ n  ح ،ه ي ،هي j h 21

Phonemes in Persian دنب ميسقتىسراف رد اهجاوىم ماجنا فلتخم لاكشا هبىدريگ . ندوب ناتسيا نازيم ساسا رب اجنيا رد م تروصىدريگ . موادم continuant اه هكاو اه ناوخمه vowels consonants نيشيپ نايمى نيسپ front mid back ئى ا آ ا ا وا شياسى ئاوجنى موشيخى fricative whisper nasal هح ن م رادكاو كاويب voiced unvoiced ژ ز وغ ش س فخ

Phonemes in Persian (cont ’ d) موادم ريغ non continuant شياس همينى اه هكاوىبيكرتى اه هكاو ههبش اه هفقو diphthongs semivowels affricate plosives چ ج اىوا اهيشزرل اهناور رادكاو كاويب liquids glides voiced unvoiced ل ر ى گ د ب ك ت پءق ع * ناور جاو / و / اهنابز ردىبرعى ك ودرىم هدافتساىلو دوشىسراف ردىتسا هدش شومارف ابيرقت ضعب رد طقف وىاه هجهل زاىسرافىم هدافتساىدوش .

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