PERIOD 3: 1754-1800 APUSH – MS. JUSTICE - BHS
TRIUMPH & TENSIONS IN THE BRITISH EMPIRE
A FRAGILE PEACE Ohio Valley • Key to controlling N. America • British • French • Iroquois Confederacy • Local Indians
THE SEVEN YEARS WAR IN AMERICA
THE SEVEN YEARS WAR • George Washington • General Edward Braddock: early defeats • Two turning points in 1758 • Iroquois • William Pitt • Surrender of Montreal in 1760
THE END OF FRENCH NORTH AMERICA • 1763 – Treaty of Paris • Land and claims east of the Mississippi (except New Orleans) • Florida Britain • Treaty of Ildefonso • Acadians/Cajuns
ANGLO-AMERICAN TENSIONS
ANGLO-AMERICAN FRICTION • Pacifist Quakers • Quartering of British soldiers • Economic Concerns: profits & debt • King George III
FRONTIER TENSIONS • Allies vs. subjects • Pontiac’s War • Proclamation of 1763
IMPERIAL AUTHORITY & COLONIAL OPPOSITION
WRITS OF ASSISTANCE • 1760 • American merchants’ trade with the French • 1763 - Massachusetts Supreme Court • Challenged authority of Parliament
SUGAR ACT • 1764 • Raise revenue • Lowered tax on French molasses and sugar • Tedious paperwork • Smuggling cases heard in British vice- admiralty courts • Impacted urban port cities
STAMP ACT • 1765 • Stamped paper: newspapers, documents, licenses, diplomas, legal documents, playing cards • Internal tax intended to raise money for Britain • Taxation without representation • Sons of Liberty • Stamp Act Congress
IDEOLOGY, RELIGION, RESISTANCE • John Locke & the “social contract” • “republican” ideas • Protestant ministers – resistance to British authority
DOCUMENT 4.3 – THE STAMP ACT DOCUMENT 4.4 – PATRICK HENRY Document 4.3 – The Stamp Act ▪ Read Doc. 4.3 and answer the first 2 Practicing Historical Thinking Qs (Identify & Analyze) on a separate sheet of paper (which will require you to read Doc. 4.2) Document 4.4 – Patrick Henry ▪ Read Doc. 4.4 and answer the Practicing Historical Thinking Qs on a separate sheet of paper (which will require you to read Doc. 3.9)
RESISTANCE RESUMES
QUARTERING ACT • 1765 • New York Assembly 1766 • Anti-American feelings in Parliament
TOWNSHEND DUTIES • 1767 • Charles Townshend • Revenue Act – taxed glass, paint, lead, paper, tea • John Dickinson • Samuel Adams • Sons of Liberty • Nonconsumption movement
• Customs “racketeering” • Wilkes and Liberty • Women and colonial resistance
THE DEEPENING CRISIS
THE BOSTON MASSACRE • 1770 • 4,000 British soldiers in Boston • Frustrations erupted on March 5 th • 6 wounded, 5 killed • Only 2 soldiers found guilty • Impact?
CONFLICTS IN THE BACKCOUNTRY • Land-hungry colonists: • Paxton Boys • Green Mountain Boys • North and South Carolina Regulators
TEA ACT • 1773 • British East India Company monopoly • Sam Adams led the “Boston Tea Party”
TOWARD INDEPENDENCE
LIBERTY FOR AFRICAN AMERICANS • 1775 • Virginia Governor Lord Dunmore’s Proclamation • A military strategy
THE “INTOLERABLE ACTS” Parliament’s response to the Boston Tea Party: • Boston Port Bill • Massachusetts Government Act • Administration of Justice Act • Quartering Act • Quebec Act
FIRST CONTINENTAL CONGRESS • In response to the Intolerable Acts • September 1774 • 56 delegates • Defend the colonies’ rights in common
FROM RESISTANCE TO REBELLION • Spring 1775 patriots established provincial congresses, collected arms, organized militia units (minutemen) • William Dawes and Paul Revere • Lexington and Concord (“the shot heard round the world”) • Second Continental Congress • Breed’s Hill/Bunker Hill • August 23 – King George III declared that New England was in a state of rebellion
COMMON SENSE • January 1776 • Thomas Paine: • Against monarchies • America should ‘start over’ without all the corruptions from Europe • Convinced a lot of undecided people to lean towards rebellion
DECLARING INDEPENDENCE • War seemed inevitable • Delegates from colonies met in Philadelphia • Adopted the Declaration of Independence on July 2, 1776 • Signed on July 4 (and following weeks)
DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE “BREAKUP LETTER” Task: Put yourself in the role of the 13 American colonies & write a “breakup letter” from the colonies to Great Britain Use the format of the Declaration outlined below for your letter: ▪ Explain why you (in the role of the 13 colonies) are writing the letter and what is about to happen [ Preamble ] ▪ Explain how you thought the relationship was going to be [ Statement of Beliefs ] ▪ Describe the specific things you found wrong with the relationship [ List of Complaints ] ▪ Describe how you tried to change the relationship [ Steps Taken to Address Complaints ] ▪ Explain your current feelings and final decision [ Declaration ]
LOYALISTS & OTHER BRITISH SYMPATHIZERS
LOYALISTS & OTHER BRITISH SYMPATHIZERS Loyalists/Tories Patriots/Whigs White colonists: 20% White colonists: 80% Slaves: 20, 000 African Am.: 5,000 Native Americans: Native Americans: most sided with British few sided with patriots
THE OPPOSING SIDES: BRITAIN 11 million people Had to pay for it all Largest navy in the world Had to transport it all Exceptional army Debt = higher taxes Hessians and loyalists Had to defeat the colonists No formidable allies
THE OPPOSING SIDES: THE COLONIES Home-field advantage 2.5 million people (1/3 were loyalists and slaves) 220, 000 troops Untrained army European allies (later) Most Indians fought with Britain Didn’t have to win – just Inexperienced officers outlast British Short-term service
WAR & PEACE
SHIFTING FORTUNES IN THE NORTH • British success early in the war • October 1777 – Battle of Saratoga was a turning point • February 1778 - France formally recognized the United States • Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben
VICTORY IN THE SOUTH • 1778 – war’s focus shifted • Battle of Yorktown • General Cornwallis surrendered on Oct. 19, 1781 • 1783 - Treaty of Paris • Notably missing in the treaty…
THE REVOLUTION & SOCIAL CHANGE
SOCIAL CHANGE • Egalitarianism among white men • White women • African-Americans • Native Americans
FORGING NEW GOVERNMENTS
FROM COLONIES TO STATES • Bicameral legislatures • Voting requirements • State constitutions • Executive branch
ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION • Written in 1776 • Ratified in 1781 • Weak national government / power to the states
Northwest Ordinance of 1787 Land Ordinance of 1785
SHAYS’ REBELLION • 1786 • Daniel Shays • Significance?
THE PHILADELPHIA CONVENTION • May 25, 1787 – September 17, 1787 • 55 Delegates from all states but Rhode Island • Biggest hurdle = how to represent states in Congress
SLAVERY & THE CONSTITUTION • Can’t interfere with the international slave trade for 20 years (until 1808) • Can’t prevent escaped slaves from being returned to their owners • Slaves count as 3/5 of a person for representation & taxation purposes
CONSTITUTIONAL GOVERNMENT TAKES SHAPE
IMPLEMENTING GOVERNMENT ▪ 1789 – George Washington & John Adams ▪ Political party? ▪ Inauguration – New York City
THE FEDERAL JUDICIARY AND THE BILL OF RIGHTS ▪ The Judiciary Act of 1789 ▪ 1791 - Bill of Rights ratified
HAMILTON’S DOMESTIC POLICIES
NATIONAL CREDIT & A NATIONAL BANK ▪ Alexander Hamilton – Sec. of the Treasury ▪ National debt = $54 million + $12 million ▪ Hamilton’s plan ▪ National bank ▪ Jefferson (Sec. of State) & Madison (Congressman) disapproved
EMERGING PARTISANSHIP Although there were no formal political parties… two distinct parties began to emerge… Federalists: Republicans: Wealthy Not as wealthy Northerners Southerners Easterners Westerners Hamilton, Washington, and Adams Jefferson and Madison
THE WHISKEY REBELLION ▪ Hamilton’s tax on whiskey ▪ 1794 - Pennsylvania farmers refuse to pay the tax ▪ 13,000 militiamen ▪ Significance?
THE UNITED STATES IN A WIDER WORLD
CHALLENGING AMERICAN EXPANSION ▪ Disputed area between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River ▪ 3 new states: ▪ Vermont ▪ Kentucky ▪ Tennessee
THE FRENCH REVOLUTION ▪ French inspired by the American Revolution ▪ Americans divided ▪ France declared war on Spain and Britain ▪ Edmond Genet (“Citizen Genet”) ▪ Washington’s proclamation of neutrality
DIPLOMACY & WAR ▪ Treaty of Greenville ▪ Jay’s Treaty ▪ Pinckney’s Treaty
PARTIES & POLITICS
IDEOLOGY & POLITICAL PARTIES ▪ Federalists: ▪ Jefferson Republicans: ▪ Washington’s response:
ELECTION OF 1796 ▪ Federalist John Adams vs. Republican Thomas Jefferson
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