PNNL-SA-60867 Panel: International Experience in PMU Applications Performance Evaluation of Performance Evaluation of Phasor Measurement Systems Phasor Measurement Systems Henry Huang (PNNL), Bogdan Kasztenny (GE), Vahid Madani (PG&E), Ken Martin (BPA), Sakis Meliopoulos (Georgia Tech), Damir Novosel (Quanta Technology), and Jerry Stenbakken (NIST) Performance and Standards Task Team (PSTT) North American SynchroPhasor Initiative (NASPI) IEEE PES General Meeting Pittsburgh, PA. July 2008
What’s NASPI? North America SynchroPhasor Initiative � Vision: Improve power system reliability through wide- area measurement, monitoring and control � Mission : Create a robust, widely available and secure synchronized data measurement infrastructure for the interconnected North American electric power system with associated analysis and monitoring tools for better planning and operation, and improved reliability. August 14, 2003 blackout NERC US DOE EIPP NASPI (Eastern Interconnection Phasor Project) 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2
If We Knew Then… August 14, 2003 Blackout 0 -10 -20 Normal Angle ~ -25º -30 -40 -50 Relative Phase Angle -60 -70 -80 -90 -100 -110 -120 -130 -140 -150 -160 Slide Credit: -170 North American 15:05:00 15:44:00 16:05:00 16:09:05 Electric Reliability Time (EDT) Corporation (NERC) Reference Angle: Browns Ferry Cleveland West MI 3
Networked Phasor Measurement Units 4
NASPI Organization PSTT scope: coordinating and acting as liaison to standards efforts and determining consistent and satisfactory performance of synchronized measurement devices and systems by creating guidelines and reports in accordance with best practices. • Strong international participation • Interoperability with IEC 61850 • Synchronization Requirements • PDC Hardware 5
Summary of PSTT Activities 2008 Goals Other 2008 Accomplished (High Priority) Ongoing PMU Hardware Phasor Network Phasor Data PMU Testing PMU Testing PMU Installation Network Connection And Calibration And Calibration Phasor Accuracy Phasor Accuracy System Deployment Requirement Define PMU Phasor Tools Synchronization PMU Maintenance Techniques HW & SW IED PMUs Upgrade PMU Comm. Test Operations IEC 61850 for PMU Phase Angle Reference Req’t for “Dynamic” Phasor Visualization Phasing Survey Req’t for State Estimation Phase Mapping Advanced Applications & Deployment 6
Phasor Measurement System � Instrumentation Channel: instrument transformers, cables, and burdens. � Phasor Measurement Unit 7
PSTT Activities in Evaluation of Phasor Measurement Systems � SynchroPhasor Measurement Accuracy Characterization , led by Sakis Meliopoulos: characterizing performance of instrumentation channels. � PMU Testing and Calibration Guide , led by Jerry Stenbakken: standardizing methods for PMU testing and calibration. � Both documents available at http://www.naspi.org/resources/pstt/psttresources.stm � Leverage prior work and international experience in these two areas 8
Other Accomplished PSTT Activities � Installation/Commissioning/Maintenance Survey & Summary, Virgilio Centeno � IEDs with Integrated PMU Functionality, Damir Novosel/Yi Hu � Eastern Interconnection Phase Angle Reference, Henry Huang/Ritchie Carroll � Inconsistency with Phase Mapping Example, Virgilio Centeno/Henry Huang � Phasor Requirements for State Estimation, A E KU & P LGE EKPC VPCO TVA Lucy Wu Phase ABC A A Phase BCA � Phasor Requirements for Raw Data Utilization, Phase CAB Phase ACB C C B B Original Map: Courtesy of PNNL Communications. Information provided by Ray Hayes (AEP), and Shannon Ory (TVA). Sakis Meliopoulos All documents available at http://www.naspi.org/resources/pstt/psttresources.stm 9
Variations in Instrumentation Channel Configurations � Instrument transformers � PT – Potential Transformer � CT –Current Transformer � CCVT – Capacitively Coupled Voltage Transformer � EOVT – Electro-Optical Voltage Transformers � MOCT – Magneto-Optical Current Transformers � Cables � Typically RG-8 control cable, non-twisted, unshielded � Burdens � Lack of engineering analysis and design, resulting in inappropriate burdens and attenuator 10
Current Transformer Accuracy � 0.3 Class for Metering 0.3% @ 100% In 1.012 0.6% @ 10% In 1.009 ac tor � 0.6 Class for 1.006 e c tion F Monitoring 1.003 1.000 0.6% @ 100% In r atio Cor 0.997 1.2% @ 10% In 0.994 � 1.2 Class for R 0.991 Control 0.988 1.2% @ 100% In -60 -45 -30 -15 0 +15 +30 +45 +60 lagging le ading 2.4% @ 10% In Phase Angle (minute s) 11
Current Transformer Accuracy Curve E r r or Cur r e nt L e ve l 12
Voltage Transformer Accuracy � 0.3 Class for Metering 1.012 ac tor 1.009 1.006 � 0.6 Class for e c tion F 1.003 Monitoring 1.000 r atio Cor 0.997 � 1.2 Class for 0.994 R 0.991 Control 0.988 -60 -45 -30 -15 0 +15 +30 +45 +60 lagging le ading Phase Angle (minute s) 13
CVT Accuracy Requirements per ANSI / IEEE Relaying Metering -63 -32 -16 0 +16 +32 +63 -63 -32 -16 0 +16 +32 +63 1.014 1.014 1.012 1.012 1.010 1.010 1.008 1.008 1.006 1.006 1.004 1.004 1.002 1.002 1.000 1.000 .998 .998 .996 .996 .994 .994 .992 .992 .990 .990 .988 .988 .986 .986 Applic able for : Pr imar y= 90% V Pe r e f to 100% V MaxR Applic able for : V pr y = 90% V Pe r e f to 100% V MaxR fR ate d imar fR ate d Additionally: @ V pr y = 25% V Pe r e f R atio +/ - 3% Phase +/ - 3 de g imar fR @ V pr y = 5% V Pe r e f R atio +/ - 5% Phase +/ - 5 de g imar fR Plus : for 58Hz to 62Hz R CF +/ -5% & Phase +/ -5 de g vs 60Hz values 14
Steady-State Characterization of Instrument Transformers (1) 220kV/115V PT 4kV/120V CCVT 60Hz 60Hz 15
Steady-State Characterization of Instrument Transformers (2) Amplitude Type Phase Accuracy Note Accuracy PT Accurate Accurate – CT Very accurate Very accurate – Commonly used Large error for off- Large error for off- CCVT for HV. Need nominal frequency nominal frequency Calibration. 0.1% – 1% Phase error due to EOVT D/A conversion. (Typical) 0.648 – 1.08 deg Direct use of (30 – 50 μ s) 0.1% digital signals is MOCT better. (Typical) 16
Transient Characterization of Instrument Transformers 220kV/65V PT 4kV/120V CCVT 350 300 407 250 Prim ary Voltage (kV) 200 150 High Capacitance CCVT Response 100 Extra High Capacitance CCVT Response 50 0 8.0000 10.0000 12.0000 14.0000 16.0000 18.0000 20.0000 22.0000 24.0000 Voltage (kV) Time (Milliseconds) 120.0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 100.0 Secondary Voltage (V) 80.0 Input Voltage is Zero Beyond This Point 60.0 40.0 20.0 0.0 -407 8.0000 10.0000 12.0000 14.0000 16.0000 18.0000 20.0000 22.0000 24.0000 Time (Milliseconds) 17
Characterization of Instrumentation Cables Instrumentation Cable length ℓ (ft) Amplitude Error in % Burden Resistance R B ( Ω) 100 ft 200 ft 500 ft 800 ft 5k 0.007 0.009 0.012 0.015 10k 0.008 0.010 0.012 0.015 20k 0.008 0.010 0.012 0.015 Phase Error in Deg Instrumentation Cable length ℓ (ft) Burden Resistance R B ( Ω) 100 ft 200 ft 500 ft 800 ft 5k 0.07 0.10 0.15 0.23 10k 0.05 0.08 0.12 0.18 20k 0.05 0.08 0.12 0.18 18
Example of Overall Channel Characterization Voltage Measurement, 69 kV Bus Van = 62.53 kV / 27.52 Deg Van = 62.19 V / 27.51 Deg Van = 61.63 V / 27.11 Deg Vbn = 62.96 kV / -92.68 Deg Vbn = 62.61 V / -92.70 Deg Vbn = 63.09 V / -92.85 Deg Vcn = 62.33 kV / 147.46 Deg Vcn = 61.99 V / 147.45 Deg Vcn = 61.72 V / 148.00 Deg NORTHBUS3 NBUS3MS NBUS3MSI RG-8 Cable, 500 ft VT- -based Instrumentation Channel based Instrumentation Channel VT 69kV:69V Wound Type VT � VT: error = 0.01 deg; Cable: error = 0.4 deg � Calibration: � Correction based on instrumentation channel models � Local state estimation (SuperCalibrator) 19
PMU Performance Evaluation � IEEE C37.118 SynchroPhasor Standard � Metrics mainly on steady-state performance � WECC established monitoring requirements � Metrics mainly on filtering performance current signals Time reference voltage signals BUS FREQUENCY ESTIMATOR frequency SAMPLING REFERENCE SECONDARY CLOCK PROTECTIVE SIGNALS CALCULATIONS INTERFACE derived quantities POST- PRE- A/D CONVERSION PHASOR OUTPUT OUTPUT CONVERSION GUARD CONVERTER FILTERS & ESTIMATOR FILTER DECIMATION FILTERS FILTER DECIMATION phasors NOTE: Indicated filters may be accompanied by decimation without actual filtering 20
PMU Testing Setup GPS Antenna GPS Receiver PMU Data Signal Signal under Collection Generator Generator test Device Other Measurement Devices Setting and Control Setting and Control Setting and Control Playback Files Analysis Tools 21
Steady-State PMU Testing � Magnitude accuracy test* � Phase accuracy test* “*” conform to IEEE C37.118 � Frequency accuracy test* � Rate of change of frequency accuracy test � Unbalanced magnitude response test � Unbalanced phase response test � Off-nominal frequency response test* � Harmonic frequency response test* � Out-of-band interference test* � Data reporting test 22
Dynamic PMU Testing � Dynamic magnitude response test � Dynamic phase response test � Dynamic frequency response test � Voltage amplitude modulation test � Frequency modulation test 23
Recommend
More recommend
