Peer-to-Peer Networks 01: Organization and Introduction Christian - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Peer-to-Peer Networks 01: Organization and Introduction Christian Schindelhauer Technical Faculty Computer-Networks and Telematics University of Freiburg

Web & Dates  Web page - http://cone.informatik.uni-freiburg.de/cone_teach/ cone_teach_current/p2p-WS12  Lecture - Monday, 10am-12pm, 106-00-007 - Wednesday, 10am-11am, 106-00-007  Exercise classes - Christian Ortolf - Wednesday, 11am-12pm, building 101, 106-00-007 2

Exercises  Exercise class - Wednesday, 11am-12pm, building 101, 106-00-007 - start: 31.11.2012  Exercises - appear every Wednesay on the web-page - should be solved by students - are the basis for the oral exam - solutions of the exercises are discussed in the following week 3

Exam  Oral exam - based on the lecture and the exercises - register online for the exam - Mandatory registration 4

Materials  Slides - appear before the lecture on the web- page  Book - at least 70% of the lecture can be found in Mahlmann, Schindelhauer, Peer-to-Peer-Netzwerke — Methoden und Algorithmen, Springer 2007  Further Literature - Research papers will be presented during the lecture on the slides and on the web-page 5

Internet Traffic 6

Increase of Internet Traffic 1 Ebit/s 100 Pbit/s Cisco: 966 Exabyte/y 2015 Internet-Verkehr 10 Pbit/s 1 Pbit/s 100 Tbit/s 10 Tbit/s 1 Tbit/s 100 Gbit/s 10 Gbit/s 1 Gbit/s 100 Mbit/s 10 Mbit/s 1 Mbit/s 2020 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 7

Global Internet Traffic Shares 1993-2004 CacheLogic Research Trends of Internet Protocols 1993-2004 70 60 50 Share of Internet traffic 40 Source: CacheLogic 2005 30 E-Mail 20 FTP Peer-to-Peer 10 Web 0 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 8

P2P and Filesharing Traffic Source: Ipoque 2007 Source: Ipoque 2007 9

P2P Systems Germany 2007 by Volume Source: Ipoque 2007 10

What Germans Download 2007 by Volume Source: Ipoque 2007 11

Global Internet Traffic 2007  Ellacoya report (June 2007) P2P 37 % - worldwide HTTP traffic gaming 2 % volume non-HTTP video streaming 3 % overtakes P2P after four years Newsgroups 9 % continues VoIP 1 % record rest 2 %  Main reason: HTTP 46 % Youtube.com 12

Internet Traffic 2010 Cisco Visual Networking Tra ffi c Study Index Usage 50 contains data of 20 anonymous service providers 40 Filesharing 43.54 Traffic [Percentage] 30 26.39 26.15 24.85 18.69 20 10 3.92 0 HTTP Rest Online Video P2P File Sharing Web − Based FS [”Cisco Visual Networking Index: Usage”, White Paper, 2010]

Internet Traffic of a German ISP August 2009 Download HTTP 44.4 % Skype 0.8 % RTSP 1.2 % eDonkey 4 % BitTorrent 24.1 % RTMP 5 % Upload SHOUTcast 6.4 % NNTP 14.2 % HTTP 14.6 % BitTorrent 64.3 % Skype 3 % RTSP 0.1 % eDonkey 16.3 % Source: Alsbih, Janson, S. Analysis of Peer-to-Peer Traffic and User Behaviour RTMP 0.4 % NNTP 0.7 % SHOUTcast 0.7 % ITA 2011 14

Internet Traffic of a German ISP August 2009 BitTorrent most upload HTTP most tra ffi c Top ten services of the average user 3.5 3.25 Download Upload Mean Host Traffic [kb/s] !""#$ 3.0 0-1*$ %%&$ 23'$ 2.5 0,1)$ 4x ..&$ 2.0 ()*"+,,-.*$ '()"*++,-)$ /&'$ !""#$ 1.5 ./&$ %&'$ 5x 1.0 0.68 0.52 0.39 0.5 0.34 0.210.24 0.21 0.21 0.140.02 0.12 0.11 0 0.060.01 0.05 0 0.03 0.04 0 0.01 0.0 SSL in SSL out Rest in HTTP in HTTP out NNTP in RTMP in Rest out NNTP out eDonkey in RTMP out Gnutella in BitTorrent in eDonkey out Gnutella out BitTorrent out SHOUTcast in FTP transfer in SHOUTcast out FTP transfer out Microsoft BITS in Microsoft BITS out Source: Alsbih, Janson, S. Analysis of Peer-to-Peer Traffic and User Behaviour ITA 2011 15

BitTorrent User Behavior of a German ISP August 2009 Online period length probability 16 24 ● ● 5e − 02 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● probability [log] ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●●● 1e − 03 probability for online period ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● length [in hours] ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● approximated function ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 5e − 05 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● cases of piecewise definition ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 1 2 5 10 20 50 100 online period [hours][log]  Source: Alsbih, Janson, S. Analysis of Peer-to-Peer Traffic and User Behaviour ITA 2011 16

BitTorrent User Behavior of a German ISP August 2009 24h periodicity roughly Fourier analysis shows 12h and resembles sin curve 24h peak Fourier analysis of tra ffi c & periodicty 300 energy [MB/hour] Incoming Traffic 250 Outgoing Traffic 200 150 100 50 0 0 24 48 72 96 120 144 168 192 216 240 period [hours] 4 4 4 incoming traffic incoming traffic incoming traffic 3.5 outgoing traffic 3.5 outgoing traffic 3.5 incoming traffic (daily mean) outgoing traffic 3 3 3 outgoing traffic (daily mean) traffic [kb/s] traffic [kb/s] traffic [kb/s] 2.5 2.5 2.5 2 2 2 1.5 1.5 1.5 1 1 1 0.5 0.5 0.5 0 0 0 Sat Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 0 24 48 72 96 120 144 daytime [hours] day half − daytime [hours] Source: Alsbih, Janson, S. Analysis of Peer-to-Peer Traffic and User Behaviour ITA 2011 17

Milestones P2P Systems  Napster (1st version: 1999-2000)  Gnutella (2000), Gnutella-2 (2002)  Edonkey (2000) - later: Overnet usese Kademlia  FreeNet (2000) - Anonymized download  JXTA (2001) - Open source P2P network platform  FastTrack (2001) - known from KaZaa, Morpheus, Grokster  Bittorrent (2001) - only download, no search  Skype (2003) - VoIP (voice over IP), Chat, Video 18

Milestones Theory  Distributed Hash-Tables (DHT) (1997) - introduced for load balancing between web-servers  CAN (2001) - efficient distributed DHT data structure for P2P networks  Chord (2001) - efficient distributed P2P network with logarithmic search time  Pastry/Tapestry (2001) - efficient distributed P2P network using Plaxton routing  Kademlia (2002) - P2P-Lookup based on XOr-Metrik  Many more exciting approaches - Viceroy, Distance-Halving, Koorde, Skip-Net, P-Grid, ...  Recent developments - Network Coding for P2P - Game theory in P2P - Anonymity, Security 19

What is a P2P Network?  What is P2P NOT? - a peer-to-peer network is not a client-server network  Etymology: peer - from latin par = equal - one that is of equal standing with another - P2P, Peer-to-Peer: a relationship between equal partners  Definition - a Peer-to-Peer Network is a communication network between computers in the Internet • without central control • and without reliable partners  Observation - the Internet can be seen as a large P2P network 20

Contents  Short history  First Peer-to-Peer Networks - Napster - Gnutella  CAN  Chord  Pastry und Tapestry  Game theory  P2P traffic  Codes  P2P in the real world 21

Peer-to-Peer Networks 01: Organization and Introduction Christian Schindelhauer Technical Faculty Computer-Networks and Telematics University of Freiburg