Pakistan --- Roads to a Bright Future Prof. Dr. Atta-ur-Rahm an, FRS UNESCO Science Laureate
The Four Pillars for Progress � Education Education � � Science & Technology Science & Technology � � Innovation & Entrepreneurship Innovation & Entrepreneurship � � Visionary, Honest & Technologically Visionary, Honest & Technologically � Competent Leadership Competent Leadership
Truth Stranger than Fiction ! Genomics Genomics Stem Cells Stem Cells Material Sciences Material Sciences Nano- -materials materials--- --- Bucky Bucky Balls Balls Nano Memory polymers Memory polymers Composites --- --- paper stronger than steel paper stronger than steel Composites Alternative Energy Alternative Energy ITER Project ITER Project Neuroscience (patch clamp) (patch clamp) Neuroscience
Hippocampal Neurons Patch Clamp Electrode
Truth Stranger than Fiction ! ! � Seeds No Longer Needed Seeds No Longer Needed � � Luminescent Orchids Luminescent Orchids � � Cars Running on Air ! Cars Running on Air ! � � Aeroplanes Aeroplanes flying without internal fuel flying without internal fuel � � Paralysed moving wheel chairs Paralysed moving wheel chairs--- --- with with � thought control thought control � Seeing with the Tongue Seeing with the Tongue �
Cyborg beetle beetle : a giant flower beetle with a Cyborg : a giant flower beetle with a processor and implanting electrodes - - a a processor and implanting electrodes living machine whose flight can be living machine whose flight can be wirelessly controlled wirelessly controlled
Wireless light Wireless light Magnetic resonance coupling to power a 60 to power a 60- - Magnetic resonance coupling watt light bulb. Tuned to the same frequency, watt light bulb. Tuned to the same frequency, two 60- -centimeter copper coils can transmit centimeter copper coils can transmit two 60 electricity over a distance of several meters, electricity over a distance of several meters, through the air and around an obstacle. . through the air and around an obstacle Any low- -power device, such as a cell phone, power device, such as a cell phone, Any low iPod, or laptop, could recharge automatically , or laptop, could recharge automatically iPod
Requirem ents for Rapid Progress � Human capital � Human capital with knowledge with knowledge and skills and skills � Technology � Technology � Innovation/Entrepreneurship � Innovation/Entrepreneurship Infrastructure Infrastructure and incentives to innovate and incentives to innovate Technology --- --- acting like a huge suction pump acting like a huge suction pump --- --- Technology taking away the wealth of developing countries - - taking away the wealth of developing countries --eg eg. Cars . Cars --- --- -- � Alas Alas --- ---The Illusion of Progress !! The Illusion of Progress !! � 9
Impact of just one institution---- MIT � MIT graduates and faculty have founded 4000 companies � Employ: 1.1 million people � Annual Sales: $240 billion � Collectively these companies are the 18th largest economy in the World!
Pakistan---An Exciting Beginning !! � My appointment as Federal Minister of My appointment as Federal Minister of � Science & Technology and Federal Science & Technology and Federal Minister- -Chairman Higher Education Chairman Higher Education Minister Commission (2000- -2008) 2008) Commission (2000 6000% increase in budget of 6000% increase in budget of Science & Technology Science & Technology 2400% increase in budget of 2400% increase in budget of higher education higher education
Challenge: How do we attract our brightest to Education/Research ? � Pakistan has 85 million below age 19 (54% of population) ! � Both a Challenge and an Opportunity Both a Challenge and an Opportunity � � It is the brightest among them who must It is the brightest among them who must � provide the leadership in all fields--- --- provide the leadership in all fields education, S&T, Government education, S&T, Government HOW ?? � �
� 1) 1) Excite young minds about the wonders about the wonders � of science ! of science ! � 2) 2) Select and train the Brightest in top � universities abroad � 3) 3) Attract them back- -- -- by creating an by creating an � enabling environment : enabling environment : Salaries � Research Funding � Access to Literature/ Instrumentation � Critical Mass—create clusters ! �
! Attracting the Brightest ! Attracting the Brightest � Dramatic Change in Salary Structures/Benefits Under new “Tenure Track” system salaries of Professors raised to over US $ 5,000 per month (equal to US$ 7,000 per month after tax concessions)---five times more than Federal Ministers in Government ! Performance based system Performance based system 75% Tax waiver for University Teachers (maximum 5%)
� Massive Foreign scholarship programs � Nearly 11,000 awarded (mostly for Nearly 11,000 awarded (mostly for � Europe) Europe) � World World’ ’s largest Fulbright Scholarship s largest Fulbright Scholarship � program for the US program for the US � Each returning scholar given access Each returning scholar given access � to $ 100,000 research fund with with to $ 100,000 research fund guaranteed jobs at excellent salaries guaranteed jobs at excellent salaries on tenure track system on tenure track system � About US$ 1 Billion being spent on Foreign Scholarships (1500 in IT) � Indigenous PhD programs promoted
Local (Need Based) Scholarships Son of Har i Daughter of Shopkeeper Financial Analyst
Distribution of Approved Project Cost Distribution of Approved Project Cost 17
A Focus on Quality Assurance � Four year undergraduate program Four year undergraduate program � � Standardisation of Degree Programmes Standardisation of Degree Programmes � � Quality Assurance Structure Quality Assurance Structure � � Min. Eligibility Criteria for Appointments of Min. Eligibility Criteria for Appointments of � Faculty and M.Phil M.Phil/PhD Degrees /PhD Degrees Faculty and 18 18
19 19 29 Cities August 14, 2000
Information Technology Spread of Internet Services in Cities & Towns of Pakistan 2500 2000 2000 1500 1050 1000 580 500 29 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 0 0 0 0 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 Year
China From 40 to 1,000 2002 Cities on Optical Afghanistan Fibre (2000-2005) SDH/PDH (525/622 Mb/s) backbone being upgraded to Iran DWDM India 10 Gb/s 822 cities on the Internet
Internet user growth June 2 0 0 0 : 1 3 0 ,0 0 0 Oct 2 0 0 6 : >1 2 mil l ion Actual users Internet users more than 20 Million! 1,000,000 800,000 Dial up 600,000 Internet users 400,000 200,000 Start point - Today 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 9 9 9 9 9 0 0 0 - - - - - - - - n n n n n n n n a a a a a a a a J J J J J J J J
Plummeting costs…. June 2 0 0 0 : U S $ 8 7 ,0 0 0 / E 1 Augus t 2 0 0 1 : U S $ 6 ,0 0 0 Oct ober 2 0 0 4 : U S $ 3 ,8 0 0 Now U S $ 9 5 0 per mont h/ 2 Mb/ s ! Cost /E1 Start point 100,000 Today 80,000 60,000 US $ Cost /E1 40,000 20,000 - 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 - - - - - - - - l r y p v n r y u a a a a a e o J M M N J M S M
Communications Network---the Effect of one Good Decision! � 1992-2000, little Growth(300,000 phones) � 2001, CPP regime brought in � Network expansion of 3 million phone- lines ordered in 2002 ! Mobilink, U-fone � Explosive growth continues till today (over 100 million phones today—hottest sector of the economy)
Pakistan Education & Research Pakistan Education & Research Network Network PERN – I Status (2003 – 08) Universities/ Institutes 80 Core Bandwidth 155 Mbps Last Mile Bandwidth 4-24 Mbps International Leased 155 Mbps Circuit PERN – II Plans (2009 - 2013) Universities/ Institutes/R&E 250+ Org. Core Bandwidth 10 Gbps Last Mile Bandwidth 1 Gbps International Leased Circuit 1.3 Gbps
Digital Library � E-Journals: 25,000 full text journals � E-Books: access to over 40,000 � text books and monographs -- 220 international publishers 220 international publishers � Free, nation Free, nation- -wide wide �
International Video-lecturing Program / Distance Learning � High quality video-conferencin g equipment installed � Series of international lectures (nation- wide) by top professors from leading world universities � MIT Mirror Website for access to Open Source materials established ( http:// http://mitocw.pern.edu.pk mitocw.pern.edu.pk) )
Ku Band Paksat 1 C-Band
Increasing Access � 1947 1947- -2003 : 135,000 university students 2003 : 135,000 university students � 2009 : 400,000 university students 2009 : 400,000 university students � No. of Public Sector Universities / Degree No. of Public Sector Universities / Degree � Awarding Institutes : Doubled from 59 in Awarding Institutes : Doubled from 59 in 2000 to 127 in 2009 2000 to 127 in 2009 � �
Enrollment in universities & DAIs
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