M0: Stormwater Management and One City’s Wastewater is Another The Historical Development of City’s Water Supply Urban Water Systems Robert Pitt Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of Alabama Tuscaloosa, AL 35487 The Dead Sea and Jordon from the West Bank McKinney and Schoch Frequent and Significant Interaction between Media Hemond and Fechner-Levy 2000, figure 1-1 1
Ancient springs at Delphi, Greece (site of Oracle) Mackay, et al . 1992, Fig 1.7 (bronze age center of the universe) Modern springs at Delphi, Greece Ancient temple drains at Knossos, Crete (Minoan 2600 to 1000 BC) 2
Ancient stone pipe from reservoir at Knossos, Crete (Minoan 2600 Ancient temple site at top of hill that had roof runoff cistern, Kamiros, to 1000 BC) Rhodes (ancient Greece, 7 th century BC) Steps alongside cistern, Cistern tank, Kamiros, Kamiros, Rhodes (ancient Rhodes (ancient Greece, Greece) 7 th century BC) 3
The Agora, Athens, Greece (from the Acropolis to modern Athens) Ancient clay pipe at Kamiros, Rhodes (ancient Greece, 7 th century BC) (1 st to 4 th century BC) The Agora, Athens, Greece Storm drainage channels at the Agora, Athens, Greece 4
House drain at the Agora, Athens, Greece Storm drainage channels at the Agora, Athens, Greece Roof drain at Pompeii, Italy (destroyed Aug 24-26, 79 A.D.) Water storage jugs at Pompeii, Italy (prior to 79 AD) J. Harper photo J. Harper photo 5
Impluvium (indoor pool and cistern for rain water storage), Pompeii, Italy (before 79 AD) Excavation of ancient Roman pipes, Rome (about 100 AD) J. Harper photo J. Harper photo Ancient gutter still in use, Rome (about 100 AD) Clay pipe, Roman London, 43-410 AD (Key Bridge Steam Museum) J. Harper photo 6
Lead pipe, Medieval London, 1000 to 1400 (Key Bridge Wooden water pipe, Seattle, WA (Underground Seattle Museum) Steam Museum) Aqueduct in Havana, Cuba, Private Water Delivery in Havana, Cuba, 2003 1565 7
One Early Method of Getting Rid of Wastewater Early Flush Toilet Vast Improvement in Sanitation More people Wastewater treatment were able to has only been around have a flush since the late 1800s. toilet, not People dumped wastes just the rich. into gutters, ditches, First US and out open windows. treatment plant built in NYC in 1886 to protect Coney Island The word “sewer” is beaches from derived from the old vast increases English term for in wastewater seaward. volume. Polluted New York Harbor in 1883 Coney Island, NY, summer 1940 by Weegee Coombs and Boucher 8
Polluted New York Harbor (Coney Island Creek) in 2000 Major Receiving Water Beneficial Uses • Stormwater Conveyance (flood prevention) • Recreation (non-water contact) Uses • Biological Uses (Warm water fishery, aquatic life use, biological integrity, etc.) • Human Health Related Uses (Swimming, Fishing, and Water Supply) Urban Water is a Multidisciplinary Field Most environmental engineering problems require multi-disciplinary teams to understand and solve. Increased high flows have lead to unusual solutions Urbanization causes extremes in flows; extended dry periods and short periods of higher flows 9
Urbanization has also caused increased pollutant discharges Numerous beach closures at community swimming beaches due to bacteria from urban runoff discharges WI DNR photo Many also enjoy fishing along urban creeks. Fish advisories However, kids still are seldom posted for urban play in urban creeks waters. and swim near outfalls Health effects due to exposure to pathogens in WI DNR photo the urban receiving waters can be serious. 10
Cuyahoga River in Cleveland often caught on fire Fire from 200,000 gallons of spilled between 1952 and 1969. Clean Water Act of 1972 in gasoline into an urban creek, Bellingham, response to this embarrassment. Washington, 2000. These disasters may still occur due to accidents. Discharge of sanitary sewage leak into Village Creek, Birmingham Continuous, low volume sanitary sewage leakage into 5-Mile Creek, Birmingham, source of obvious pathogens due to failing infrastructure. 11
Basic Wastewater Conveyance in Sanitary Condition not Always Achieved Captured floatable debris from combined sewer outfalls at Brooklyn, NY, study area. McKinney and Schoch Stormwater at critical source areas need special treatment Multi-Chambered Treatment Tank (MCTT) at Minocqua, WI influent effluent 12
New concepts in urban development dramatically change our water use and discharges. This is a prototype retrofit in Seattle, WA, to rebuild the street, drainage system, and adjacent landscaped areas to infiltrate almost all stormwater. Very expensive and very effective. Concepts proven on larger scale and now being applied throughout the country. Soil modifications to enhance infiltration and to protect groundwaters. 13
“Green roofs” popular in Europe and used extensively in Portland, OR, to increase evapotranspiration of rain water and reduce discharges. 14
Spray Irrigation of Treated Wastewater at Ponds, rain barrels and cisterns for stormwater storage for irrigation and other beneficial uses. Golf Course 15
Charles Dickens was a satirical journalist, besides a very “. . . the great prodigality of Paris, her marvelous fête, her popular novelist, who championed improved public Beaujon folly, her orgy, her full-handed outpouring of gold, her health. The Water Drops, a Fairy Tale , is a little known pageant, her luxury, her magnificence, is her sewer.” ( Les Miserables ; Jean Valjean, Book II, ch1, by Victor Hugo; The story graphically describing the urban water system in Intestine of Leviathan ) London in the 1800s. I transcribed it several years ago from a old copy of the book and it is posted at: Freely available at: http://unix.eng.ua.edu/~rpitt/Class/Computerapplications/Module1/ http://www.readbookonline.net/read/177/5767/ Dickens%20The%20Water%20Drops.PDF (or search Google for “Dickens The Water Drops”) A graphic description of the sewers of Paris in the mid 1800s, and the mystery of their construction and design. The “Great London Fire” burned for 14 days in 1666, (Read these sections only, not the right after a plaque outbreak entire novel, unless you have a really and provided an opportunity long rainy weekend available!) to rebuild the city’s water system. 16
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