Omnipresence of Computers Privacy in a World of Smart Objects Friedemann Mattern ETH Zürich E E E ET TH T T H H H Eidgenössische Berliner Kolloquium Mai 2001 Technische Hochschule Zürich
Computers - a Clear Trend One computer (mainframe) for many people One computer (PC) for everyone Many computers for everyone F. Ma. 2
„Yesterday's Computers Filled Rooms...“ IBM Selective Sequence F. Ma. 3 Electronic Calculator (ca. 1948)
„Yesterday's Computers Filled Rooms - So Will Tomorrow 's.“ 00:45 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 IBM Selective Sequence F. Ma. 4 Electronic Calculator (ca. 1948)
Ubiquitous and Pervasive Computing ! Small, lightweight, cheap, mobile processors ! in almost all everyday objects („embedded computing“) ! on your body („wearable computing“) ! embedded in the environment („ambient intelligence“) ! Ubiquitous Computing F. Ma. 5
Outline ! Everything smart? ! 4 Reasons for Ubiquitous Computing ! A Shadow World ! Impact and Privacy Friedemann Mattern, ETH Zurich F. Ma. 6
Smart Objects ! Embedded processors ! in everyday objects ! small ! cheap ! lightweight ! Wireless communication ! spontaneous networks ! Sensors ! Real world objects are enriched with information processing capabilities F. Ma. 7
An Example of a Smart Object ! MediaCup from TeCo, University of Karlsruhe F. Ma. 8
Smart Objects .... .... ! Can remember pertinent events ....... .... ! they have a memory ! Show context-sensitive behavior ! they may have sensors hello! ! Are responsive ! communicate with their environment ! networked with other smart objects F. Ma. 9
Netw orked w ith Other Smart Objects? I ‘M SORRY, DAVE. ANOTHER BEER, I CAN‘T DO THAT. PLEASE, HAL. . . THE BATHROOM SCALE AND THE HALL MI RROR ARE REPORTI NG DI STURBI NG FLAB ANOMALI ES Cartoon by Jeff MacNelly F. Ma. 10
The Qualitative Grow th of the Internet 2001 Mobile Internet WWW Email Research network people to people to people machines Internet time line F. Ma. 11
The Qualitative Grow th of the Internet ! Networked embedded systems ! smart devices 2001 ! machines talking to machines Embedded Internet Services Mobile Internet WWW Email Research network people to people to machines to people machines machines Internet time line F. Ma. 12
Ubiquitous Netw orking ! Today, the Internet connects all computers ! Tomorrow everyday objects will become smart and they will all be interconnected F. Ma. 13 image source: “Die Zeit”
F. Ma. 14 Wearable Computing?
F. Ma. 15 Wearables Today
Wearables Tomorrow ? ! Headsets of mobile phones as jewellery? F. Ma. 16
F. Ma. 17 Experimental Wearables: LINUX Watch (IBM)
F. Ma. 18 Wearable Concept (Motorola)
Life Recorder Concept (Motorola) F. Ma. 19
Retina Eyeglass Display? Eyeglass with tiny laser and mirrors projects an image directly onto the retina image source: Microoptical Corporation Will active contact lenses eventually provide a „holodeck illusion“ similar to the science-fiction programme Star Trek? F. Ma. 20
Soft Fabric User Interfaces e.g., textiles that change conductivity when stretched F. Ma. 21
Smart Clothing ! Conductive textiles and inks ! print electrically active patterns directly onto fabrics ! Sensors based on fabric ! e.g., monitor pulse, blood pressure, body temperature ! Invisible collar microphones ! Kidswear ! game console on the sleeve? ! integrated GPS-driven locators ! integrated small cameras (to keep the parents calm) Privacy and social issues? F. Ma. 22
F. Ma. 23 Shoes as an Energy Source? MIT prototype
Ambient Intelligence (EU Information Science Technologies Study) ! Seamless environment of computing ! Gesture and speech control ! Adaptive, personalized Clothing monitors heart-rate, respiration-rate and blood pressure, detects muscle fatigue,... Camera inserts user Video wall acts as virtual coach into the video to and communicates with other highlight excercise users for group workout sessions pattern and guide workout routines F. Ma. 24 image source: Phillips
Outline ! Everything smart? ! 4 Reasons for Ubiquitous Computing ! A Shadow World ! Impact and Privacy Friedemann Mattern, ETH Zurich F. Ma. 25
First Reason for Ubiquitous Computing: Moore‘s Law (1965) ! Processing speed and storage capacity double every 18 months ! „cheaper, smaller, faster“ ! Exponential increase ! will probably go on for the next 10 years at same rate F. Ma. 26
Generalized Moore‘s Law ! Most important technology parameters double every 1 – 3 years („Generalized Moore’s Law“): ! computation cycles ! memory, magnetic disks ! bandwidth ! Consequence: scaling down F. Ma. 27
Moore’s Wall - Limits of Grow th? ICn Performance 3D ICs (log scale) IC5 Molecular, IC4 Quantum, IC3 Genetic, Biological, IC2 Optical IC1 Computing Transistor Tube 1915 46 59 2010 2025 F. Ma. 28
2nd Reason: New Materials ! Important: whole eras named after materials ! e.g., „Stone Age“ ! More recently: semiconductors, fibers ! " information and communication technologies ! „Plastic“ laser ! " opto electronics, flexible displays,… ! Organic semiconductors ! " change the external appearance of computers ! ... F. Ma. 29
Example: Soft, Flexible and Light- w eight Interfaces and Devices ! Textiles which combine conductive fabric structures with microchip technology F. Ma. 30
Micro Displays ! Currently about 300000 pixels on 2 cm x 2 cm, ~ 400 mW F. Ma. 31
Example: Light Emitting Polymer ! Organic semiconductors ! Plastic displays (~ 1 mm thick) ! Applications soon (e.g., curved or flexible displays) F. Ma. 32
A Flexible „PC“ Concept F. Ma. 33 image source: Toshiba
Smart Paper ! Electronic ink ! micro capsules, white on one side and black on the other ! Low energy, flexible An electronically charged pencil rotates the “pixels” F. Ma. 34
Smart Paper: Applications This foldable and rollable interactive map (“ you are here”) is still science fiction, unfortunately F. Ma. 35
3rd Reason: Progress in Communication Technologies ! Bandwidth of single fibers ~ 10 Gb/s ! 2002: ~ 20 Tb/s with wavelength multiplex (often at no cost for laying new cable!) ! Powerline technique ! coffee maker „auto- matically“ connected to the Internet ! Wireless A bluetooth ! mobile phone: GSM, UMTS module ! wireless LAN (> 10 Mb/s) ! Room networks , body area networks Nostalgia F. Ma. 36
Body Area Netw orks ! Very low current (some nA), some kb/s through the human body ! Possible applications: ! car recognizes driver ! phone configures itself when it is touched ! micro payment: pay when touching the door of the bus business card exchange ! toaster and TV identify user F. Ma. 37
4th Reason: Better Sensors ! Miniaturized cameras, microphones,... ! pattern recognition, assisted by heuristics speaker recognition, speech controlled devices ! Fingerprint sensor on mobile objects ! Radio sensors ! without power supply ! Location sensors POSITION N 47 ° ! e.g., based 23’17’’ E 008 ° on GPS 34’26’’ F. Ma. 38
Entering the Post-PC Era ! Progress in ! computing speed ! communication bandwidth ! material sciences ! sensor techniques enables (once ! computer science concepts again) completely ! miniaturization new applications ! energy usage ! battery technique " „post-PC era“ ! display technologies ! price ! ... F. Ma. 39
Outline ! Everything smart? ! 4 Reasons for Ubiquitous Computing ! A Shadow World ! Impact and Privacy Friedemann Mattern, ETH Zurich F. Ma. 40
Making Things Smart w ith Shadow Objects Virtual world (Internet, Cyberspace) shadow objects pure virt. object (e.g. email) Real world F. Ma. 41
Shadow Objects as Artifact Memories Shadow objects act as memories 1) Aug. 3 rd , 2001: …. for their real artifacts 2) Aug. 5 th , 2001, 10:34 ….. Updates triggered 3) Aug. 5 th , 2001 10:37 ... by events 4) ... Queries from the real world return memory content Arrived in room 564 Bayview who? Sensors generate events Hotel where? when? 10:34, Sue K. opens bag F. Ma. 42
Who? Where? When? What? label WWW 1 server HTTP get 2 Internet display object of the instrument real world and label Bought on 20 Aug 2001; last travel: to London Sep 2003; contained shirt no. reader 1342 and 1349; was on 17 Nov 2002 in Hotel Atlantic, room 317 ... ! Label = Internet-URL (pointing to the bag‘s „home page“) ! e.g., recipe „on“ food for microwave oven ! label could be an RFID (i.e „smart label“) F. Ma. 43
The Magnifying Glass Metaphor ! An objects tells something about itself ! e.g., by displaying a dynamically generated homepage ! Content ! depends on cirmumstances such as context and privileges F. Ma. 44
RFID: „Radio Frequency Identification“ ! Identify objects from distance ! small IC with RF-transponder ! Wireless energy supply ! ~ 1 m ! magnetic field (induction) ! ROM or EEPROM (writeable) ! ~ 100 Byte ! Cost ~ $ 0.1 ... $ 1 ! consumable and disposable image source: Portolano project F. Ma. 45
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