UTM OTEC BRIEFING SERIES (2012-2016) �O�ea� Ther�al E�ergy -Driven Development in the Tropics for Sustai�a�ility� by Dato’ I� D� A. Baka� Jaafa� , PEng, FIEM, FASc Professor of UTM Perdana School of Science, Technology, Innovation, & Policy & Director, UTM Ocean Thermal Energy Centre www.otec.utm.my E-mail: bakar.jaafar@utm.my E-mail2: bakar.jaafar@gmail.com Mobile: +60 12 320 7201 11 January 2017 A. Bakar Jaafar @UTM OTEC Briefing [General Presentation] 1
OUTLINE OF PRESENTATION 1. INTRODUCTION 2. SOURCES OF ENERGY, RENEWABLE & NON-RENEWABLE 3. THE WAY FORWARD FOR OCEAN ENERGY DEVELOPMENT IN THE TROPICS: ORDER OF PRIORITY 4. OCEAN THERMAL ENERGY CONVERSION (OTEC) 5. OTEC RESOURCE ASSESSMENT & POTENTIAL 6. THE ECONOMICS OF OTEC vis-à-vis FOSSIL-FUELS & OTHER FORMS OF OCEAN ENERGY 7. BENEFITS: SECURITY [ENERGY, WATER, FOOD, CYBER ], ENVIRONMENT, 8. THE WAY FORWARD 11 January 2017 A. Bakar Jaafar @UTM OTEC Briefing [General Presentation] 2
2. SOURCES OF ENERGY: : RENEWABLE & NON-RENEWABLE Current Salinity Gradient CH4 Hydrate 11 January 2017 A. Bakar Jaafar @UTM OTEC Briefing [General Presentation] 3
Metha�e Hyd�ate: �White Coal� 11 January 2017 A. Bakar Jaafar @UTM OTEC Briefing [General Presentation] 4
PRIMARY & SECONDARY SOURCES OF ENERGY RENEWABLE • Solar Energy [2 nd -ary forms: Wind, Hydro, Wave, Currents, Biomass, Ocean Thermal] • Tide and Tidal Currents • Salinity Gradient • Geothermal NON-RENEWABLE • Fossil Fuels [Coal, Methane Hydrate, Oil, & Gas] • Nuclear: Fission & Fusion 11 January 2017 A. Bakar Jaafar @UTM OTEC Briefing [General Presentation] 5
HEAT (70%) THE EARTH FORMS OF ENERGY "Among all the forms of energy, we are using today, over 70% are produced in or through the form of heat ." [Ref: Dongsheng Wen et al (2009)] 11 January 2017 A. Bakar Jaafar @UTM OTEC Briefing [General Presentation] 6
Offshore Wind Oceanic Current Oceanic Current OE = Ocean Energy 11 January 2017 A. Bakar Jaafar @UTM OTEC Briefing [General Presentation] 7
GLOBAL ANNUAL THEORETICAL GENERATION CAPACITY BY FORM OF OCEAN ENERGY Tide Wave (2%) (6%) Current (6%) Salinity gradient (12%) 13,900 TWh OTEC (72%) [Data Source: IEA-OES] 11 January 2017 A. Bakar Jaafar @UTM OTEC Briefing [General Presentation] 8
Wave Power Potential in Temperate Regions OTEC Potential in the Tropics & Subtropics 11 January 2017 A. Bakar Jaafar @UTM OTEC Briefing [General Presentation] 9
3. 3. TH THE WAY FORWARD FOR OCEAN ENERGY DE DEVELOPMENT IN IN TH THE TR TROPICS: ORDER OF F PRI RIORITY 1. Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) 2. Tidal & Ocean Currents 3. Offshore Wind 4. Salinity Gradient, OTEC SpinOff 5. Marine Algae, OTEC SpinOff 6. Wave 11 January 2017 A. Bakar Jaafar @UTM OTEC Briefing [General Presentation] 10
4. OCEAN TH THER ERMAL EN ENERGY CONVERSION OTE TEC Le Legal l Defin finit itio ion: 11 January 2017 A. Bakar Jaafar @UTM OTEC Briefing [General Presentation] 11
Al-Quran 24:40 (610-632) Rankine (1851) D’Arsonval (1881) Claude (1930) Gas 27°C 10°C 7°C Liquid 11 January 2017 A. Bakar Jaafar @UTM OTEC Briefing [General Presentation] 12
OTEC Through the Years 1870: The first documented reference to the use of ocean temperature differences to produce electricity. �I get e�e�ythi�g f�o� the o�ea�. It produces electricity, and electricity supplies the Nautilus with light – in a word, with life.” Jules Verne, 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea, 1870 Jules Verne, 1828 – 1905 Aug 16 th , 2013 KL Anika_Hossain_OTEC_Meeting 13 11 January 2017 A. Bakar Jaafar @UTM OTEC Briefing [General Presentation]
1881: Jacques-Arsè �e D’A�so��al �F�e��h physicist) proposed the concept of OTEC using ammonia as a working fluid to drive a turbine-generator (the closed-cycle OTEC system ). The concept was considered economically non-viable at the time. Jacques-Ars ène D’Arsonaval, 1851 – 1940 14 11 January 2017 A. Bakar Jaafar @UTM OTEC Briefing [General Presentation]
1926: Georges Claude (French Engineer and student of D’ A�so��al� �ega� �esea��h fo� commercial use of OTEC and suggested the open-cycle OTEC system . Georges Claude, 1870 – 1960 1930: Claude designed and built a fully operational closed loop system OTEC (22 kW) power station in Northern Cub, but it had a negative energy balance. 15 11 January 2017 A. Bakar Jaafar @UTM OTEC Briefing [General Presentation]
11 January 2017 A. Bakar Jaafar @UTM OTEC Briefing [General Presentation] 16
HISTORY OF OTEC IN JAPAN 1974 : The launch of the Sunshine Project by the Japanese government. The primary focus of this project was to research and develop OTEC 1977: Saga University succeeded with 1 kW OTEC plant known as Shiranui 1981: Tokyo Electric Co. successfully experimented with an OTEC system generating up to 120 kW of electricity -The Kalina cycle was developed. Up until then the Rankine cycle was well-known 1982: Kyushu Electric Power Co. succeeded with 50 kW of power at Tokunoshima, Japan 1985: Saga University completed 75KW of power plant 1988: A variety of fields (engineering, manufacturing, ship building, power generation) were brought together in Japan to form an organization to study OTEC. Hamuo Uehara and his team optimized a hybrid cycle that combines the energy production of OTEC with the desalination of seawater to bolster the efficiency of ocean thermal energy 1989: Agency of Science and Technology (Japan) began study of utilization of deep ocean water (DOW) off Toyama in Japan Sea 1990: IOA (international OTEC Association) was organized by Taiwan, USA and Japan) 1994: Saga University designed and constructed a 4.5 kW plant for the purpose of testing the Uehara cycle 1997: Saga University and the National Institute of Ocean Technology, India (NIOT) signed a technical agreement for a 1 MW floating OTEC plant designed by NIOT, which was then constructed in 2001. The Uehara cycle was selected for this design in order to maximize efficiency. 2003: The Institute of Ocean Energy at Saga University was founded 2005: OPOTEC (Organization for the Promotion of the Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion) established in Saga, Japan 11 January 2017 A. Bakar Jaafar @UTM OTEC Briefing [General Presentation] 17
OTEC Demonstration Facility in Kumejima (Okinawa) June,2013 Jan. 2013 Feb. 2013 Mar. 2013 Apr. 2013 May. 2013 16 June. 28 Jan. Official Operation Construction Started Starts at Site 30 Mar. / 1st Power Generation Test Succeeded Surface Water: 23.5 o C, 330t/h Deep Water: 9.3 o C, 250t/h Power Output: 3.1kW (for Test) 11 January 2017 A. Bakar Jaafar @UTM OTEC Briefing [General Presentation] 18
JAPAN’S FIRST COMMERCIAL SIZE 5� kW OTEC PLANT, ���� 11 January 2017 A. Bakar Jaafar @UTM OTEC Briefing [General Presentation] 19
11 January 2017 A. Bakar Jaafar @UTM OTEC Briefing [General Presentation] 20
2015 2016 2012 Ocean 2013 THERMAL Hawaii 2007 Miami@OH 1981 1976 11 January 2017 A. Bakar Jaafar @UTM OTEC Briefing [General Presentation] 21
5. . OTE TEC RESOURCE ASSESSMENT & POTE TENTIAL Glo lobal OTE TEC Potenti tial & Development: t: From OPEC to O T EC EC OPEC, 1974 Hawaii, 1979 Cuba, 1930 O T EC, 1881 Ivory Coast, 1956 11 January 2017 A. Bakar Jaafar @UTM OTEC Briefing [General Presentation] 22
Figure 1. World-Wide Ocean Thermal Energy Plants in Operation, Under Construction, Planned, and Proposed [Ref: www.otecnews.org] 11 January 2017 A. Bakar Jaafar @UTM OTEC Briefing [General Presentation] 23
http://www.otecnews.org/otecprojects/ • Bahamas - Baha Mar resort • Japan - Institute of Ocean Energy • Martinique - Belle-Fontaine • Hawaii - NELHA CC-OTEC plant • Hawaii - 10MW Pilot plant • Hawaii - 1MW Pilot plant • Tetiaora - The Brando • Bora Bora - Intercontinental Resort • Reunion Island - Le Port • Curaçao - Ecopark [Ref: www.otecnews.org] 11 January 2017 A. Bakar Jaafar @UTM OTEC Briefing [General Presentation] 24
OTEC Resource Assessment & Potential in The Tropics DEPTH-TEMPERATURE PROFILE @7°C 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 East West 0 Figure 2. Depth @ 7°C surface temperature Figure1. Depth-temperature profile of different locations at 7°C References: Avery, 1994, pg421; A Devis-Morales, 1994, pg762; Al Binger,2007; pg5; BATS Frye, 1981, pg16; Maul, 1999, pg67; O'Connell, pg5; Maul, 1999, pg67; Brandon, 2016, Figure 7; Al Binger,2007, pg5; Bassett, 2015, pg2; O'Connell, pg6; Ikegami and Mitsumori, 1998, pg141; Octaviani, 2016, pg69; Ikegami, 2009, pg39; Syamsuddin, 2015, pg221; Bakar, 2016, pg10; Syamsuddin, 2015, pg221; ADB Report, 2014, pg49; Shpilrain, 2009, pg211; Ikegami, 2009, pg39; Al Binger,2007, pg5; Leraand, 1995, pg1100; Sea Semester Lassuy,1979, pg23 11 January 2017 A. Bakar Jaafar @UTM OTEC Briefing [General Presentation] 25
Distribution of Ocean Depths @7°C by Longitude & Latitude Y = 0.331x + 756.9 Y = 0.370x + 747.6 We �ould p�edi�t the depth of the o�ea� @7ᴼC usi�g the �eg�essio� a�alysis e�uatio� as a�o�e with given coordinates 11 January 2017 A. Bakar Jaafar @UTM OTEC Briefing [General Presentation] 26
STATISTICS & DISTRIBUTION of OCEAN DEPTH @ 7°C Figure 9. Distribution of Ocean Depths @7°C Figure 8. Statistics of the ocean depth at 7°C 11 January 2017 A. Bakar Jaafar @UTM OTEC Briefing [General Presentation] 27
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