Novel Approaches to High-Power Proton Beams Jeffrey Eldred - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

FERMILAB-SLIDES-19-678-AD Novel Approaches to High-Power Proton Beams Jeffrey Eldred - Fermilab NuFACT 2019 - WG3 August 27th 2019 This manuscript has been authored by Fermi Research Alliance, LLC under Contract No. DE-AC02-07CH11359 with the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of High Energy Physics

2 Fermilab Neutrino Program History & Future. DUNE Interim Design Report calls for 2.4 MW by 2032. 2 1/30/2020 Jeffrey Eldred | Novel Approaches to High-Power Proton Beams

3 3 DUNE/LBNF – An International Multi-decadal HEP Program 3 1/30/2020 Jeffrey Eldred | Novel Approaches to High-Power Proton Beams

4 4 Fermilab Upcoming Upgrades Now 750kW 4 1/30/2020 Jeffrey Eldred | Novel Approaches to High-Power Proton Beams

5 5 Slip-stacking Accumulation 5 1/30/2020 Jeffrey Eldred | Novel Approaches to High-Power Proton Beams

6 6 Fermilab Upcoming Upgrades PIP-II 1.2MW, starting 2026 1.2 MW LBNF Neutrinos to DUNE PIP-II SRF Linac 0.8 GeV 6 1/30/2020 Jeffrey Eldred | Novel Approaches to High-Power Proton Beams

7 7 Fermilab Upcoming Upgrades PIP-III 2.4MW, starting 2032 1.2 MW LBNF Neutrinos to DUNE Replace Recycler? Replace Booster PIP-II SRF Linac 1.0 GeV 7 1/30/2020 Jeffrey Eldred | Novel Approaches to High-Power Proton Beams

8 8 “PIP-III” : Replace Booster with RCS and/or Linac 8 1/30/2020 Jeffrey Eldred | Novel Approaches to High-Power Proton Beams

9 Recent Design Study of RCS-Option Eldred et al. JINST 2019 – - RCS-Option design study: 2.4 MW for DUNE, 440 kW at 11 GeV - Proposed new 600 m ring, from 1 GeV to 11 GeV. - Establish baseline design with conventional technology, - Case study for advanced accelerator techniques. 9 1/30/2020 Jeffrey Eldred | Novel Approaches to High-Power Proton Beams

10 Variants of RCS Scenarios With a new 11-GeV Storage ring to replace the Recycler, higher beam power is possible. - caveat: LBNF target hall rated for 2.4~MW. With even greater RCS intensity, slip-stacking is not necessary. What are the ultimate space-charge limits for modern machines? 10 1/30/2020 Jeffrey Eldred | Novel Approaches to High-Power Proton Beams

11 11 Challenges for RCS Design 11 1/30/2020 Jeffrey Eldred | Novel Approaches to High-Power Proton Beams

12 J-PARC Precedent for Tune-shift, Power, Collimation The J-PARC RCS shows intensity of 83e12 protons, 1 MW extracted beam power, - 0.30 tune-shift , 0.1 tune-shift per super-period . Hotchi et al. PRAB 2017. Collimators at 3 σ aperture of the beam. Total ring acceptance factor of 1.5 on collimator acceptance. We can adopt the same strategy at a much smaller aperture. Parameters: Laslett Tune-shift: RCS with -0.35 tune-shift, -0.044 tune-shift per super-period. with 2nd harmonic cavities, ~0.24 tune-shift. 12 1/30/2020 Jeffrey Eldred | Novel Approaches to High-Power Proton Beams

13 H- Foil Heating (PIP-II Linac is 2 mA, CW-capable) 13 1/30/2020 Jeffrey Eldred | Novel Approaches to High-Power Proton Beams

14 Example Lattice Design 8-fold periodicity. Small betas to large. Insertion-free drifts. 6.5 m, 2x4.4m 2x2.4 m, 2x1.3m Adequate injection with 2 π /3 collimation. Length for RF straights. γ T = 14.3 14 1/30/2020 Jeffrey Eldred | Novel Approaches to High-Power Proton Beams

15 15 R&D for High-Power Hadron Rings 1 H- Laser Strippng 2 High-Power Neutrino Targets 3 Nonlinear Integrable Optics 4 Electron Lens 5 Halo Monitoring 15 1/30/2020 Jeffrey Eldred | Novel Approaches to High-Power Proton Beams

16 1 H - Laser Stripping Cousineau et al. PRAB 2017 SNS demonstrated 95% stripping efficiency of a 1 GeV H - beam with 10 μs macropulse duration using a UV laser at 1 MW peak power. “ [next]… a doubly resonant optical cavity scheme is being developed to realize a cavity enhancement of burst-mode laser pulses.” With laser-stripping, there is no foil-heating limit on RCS intensity. No scattering from circulating beam  reduced activation at injection. 16 1/30/2020 Jeffrey Eldred | Novel Approaches to High-Power Proton Beams

17 2 High-Power Neutrino Targets Detailed design of 2.3 MW Be target for neutrino beams. - assumes 160 x 10 12 proton pulses . Active area of R&D development – RaDIATE Collaboration. - shock test, radiation damage, target design, flux optimization etc. Davenne et al. PRST-AB 2015 17 1/30/2020 Jeffrey Eldred | Novel Approaches to High-Power Proton Beams

18 18 FAST/IOTA Technology 18 1/30/2020 Jeffrey Eldred | Novel Approaches to High-Power Proton Beams

IOTA Accelerator and Beam Physics Roadmap I. Complete the construction of IOTA/FAST facility 1) Install and commission IOTA proton injector 2020* II. Conduct R&D in IOTA with the goal to develop enabling technologies for next-generation facilities 1) Nonlinear Integrable Optics ( aim to improve beam stability / losses) – Phase I – e- beam 2018–2021 – Phase II – p beam 2020–2022 2) Space-charge Compensation (aim to reduce space-charge losses) – Using electron lens 2020–2023 – Using electron column 2022–2023 19 6/10/19 A.Valishev | IOTA/FAST Status and Outlook

20 FAST/IOTA R&D Facility – Multiple Injectors IOTA ring: Integrable Optics Test Accelerator FAST facility: Fermilab Accelerator Science and Technology - 2018: 300 MeV ILC-tyle electron linac completed. - 2019: IOTA ring commissioning completed. - Phase I: Beam physics studies using 150 MeV electrons. 20 1/30/2020 Jeffrey Eldred | Novel Approaches to High-Power Proton Beams

21 FAST/IOTA R&D Facility – Multiple Injectors IOTA ring: Integrable Optics Test Accelerator FAST facility: Fermilab Accelerator Science and Technology - 2018: 300 MeV ILC-tyle electron linac completed. - 2019: IOTA ring commissioning completed. - Phase I: Beam physics studies using 150 MeV electrons. - 2020: RFQ Proton Injector to be completed. - Phase II: Space-charge studies using 2.5 MeV protons. 21 1/30/2020 Jeffrey Eldred | Novel Approaches to High-Power Proton Beams

22 FAST/IOTA R&D Facility – Modular Design Antipov et al. JINST 2017 22 1/30/2020 Jeffrey Eldred | Novel Approaches to High-Power Proton Beams

23 IOTA Technologies IOTA Technology for high-power hadron-rings. Nonlinear integrable optics - single-particle studies with electrons (now) - space-charge studies with protons (~2020) Electron lens - space-charge studies with protons (~2020) Both technologies tested at IOTA over the next several years I will present briefly show simulation results demonstrating the anticipated benefits for Fermilab RCS design. 23 1/30/2020 Jeffrey Eldred | Novel Approaches to High-Power Proton Beams

24 3 IOTA – Nonlinear Integrable Optics Nonlinear integrable optics: Provides incredible nonlinear focusing without the usual loss in dynamic aperture. Mitigates halo formation and collective effects . Danilov Nagaitsev PRST-AB 2010 24 1/30/2020 Jeffrey Eldred | Novel Approaches to High-Power Proton Beams

25 3 RCS – Nonlinear Integrable Optics Waterbag beam injected with 20% mismatch Eldred Laslett tune-shift of 0.4, equivalent to ~30e12 protons. Valishev Beam also stable under large chromatic effects. IPAC 2018 25 1/30/2020 Jeffrey Eldred | Novel Approaches to High-Power Proton Beams

26 4 IOTA - Electron Lens Electron lens: A versatile particle accelerator device with applications in beam- beam compensation, collimation , nonlinear focusing , and direct space-charge compensation . G. Stancari 26 1/30/2020 Jeffrey Eldred | Novel Approaches to High-Power Proton Beams

27 4 RCS – Electron Lens E. Stern 27 1/30/2020 Jeffrey Eldred | Novel Approaches to High-Power Proton Beams

28 5 IOTA Gas-Sheet Halo Monitor S. Szustkowski The relevant losses are often part of the 0.1% beam halo  diagnostics A gas sheet profile monitor being developed by NIU for proton diagnostics at FAST/IOTA. Halo monitoring for nonlinear intense beams. Gas pressure is variable  high-dynamic range with turn-by-turn capability. 28 1/30/2020 Jeffrey Eldred | Novel Approaches to High-Power Proton Beams

29 Summary DUNE motivates high-power RCS design at Fermilab. Challenges - Space-charge - Eddy-heating - Foil scattering - Lattice Design Valuable Accelerator R&D - Super-Periodic Lattice Design. - H- Laser Stripping - High-Power Neutrino Targets - Integrable Optics - Electron Lens - Halo Monitoring Technology 29 1/30/2020 Jeffrey Eldred | Novel Approaches to High-Power Proton Beams

30 30 Backup 30 1/30/2020 Jeffrey Eldred | Novel Approaches to High-Power Proton Beams

31 Slip-stacking Accumulation RF frequency separation: Momentum separation: 31 1/30/2020 Jeffrey Eldred | Novel Approaches to High-Power Proton Beams

32 Slip-stacking Frequencies Δ f > ~750 Hz for longitudinal stability Δ f < ~1680 Hz for PIP-II momentum span For ~600 m RCS 7 Hz < f RCS < 15 Hz Eldred, Zwaska PRAB 2016 32 1/30/2020 Jeffrey Eldred | Novel Approaches to High-Power Proton Beams

33 Slip-stacking & RCS Circumference L kick ~ 300 m or 1μs Stacking-Limits: or 53 buckets Even-Batch Slip-stacking: 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 Batch-gap used as kicker-gap Odd-Batch Slip-stacking 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 Batch-gap + kicker-gap 33 1/30/2020 Jeffrey Eldred | Novel Approaches to High-Power Proton Beams