North Pole Saturation Study Update PRELIMINARY FINDINGS – 9/22/17 Barbara Trost, Air Monitoring and Quality Assurance, Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation
Backgr kgrou ound Non-attainment area designation in 2009 Based on 1 monitor SOB downtown Fairbanks Based on data from 2006-2008 North Pole Monitoring started in 2008 Temporary site at NP Elementary Only intended for 1 winter season While looking for a more permanent spot NP Fire Station 3 established in 2011 Initially only winter time Since 2015 considered a regulatory site 2 CLEAR THE AIR CONFERENCE, FAIRBANKS 9/22/2017
Short Term Monitoring Sites 2014-2016 Sites in North Pole: Ticasuk-Brown Elementary Bright Electric North Star Fire Station #2 Badger Road Elementary Dixon Road North Pole Water 2 North Pole water 5 North Pole Pump Station North Pole Water Stillmeyer Newby Park CLEAR THE AIR CONFERENCE, FAIRBANKS 9/22/2017 3
SPM monitoring data compared to NPFS (10/14-3/16) 150 0035 - North Pole Fire Station 0039 - North Pole Water 140 5001 - Newby Park 5004 - Ticasuk Brown Elementary 130 5005 - Bright Electric 5006 - North Star Fire Station #2 5007 - Eielson AFB Clinic 120 5008 - North Pole Pump Station 5009 - North Pole Water 5 110 5010 - Dixon Road 5011 - Badger Road Elementary 100 5012 - North Pole Water Stillmeyer PM 2.5 Concentration, µg/m 3 NAAQS 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Oct-14 Nov-14 Dec-14 Jan-15 Feb-15 Mar-15 Apr-15 May-15 Jun-15 Jul-15 Aug-15 Sep-15 Oct-15 Nov-15 Dec-15 Jan-16 Feb-16 Mar-16 4 CLEAR THE AIR CONFERENCE, FAIRBANKS 9/22/2017 Date
Saturation Study Objectives: To evaluate the spatial characteristics of ambient PM 2.5 concentrations across the North Pole area during wintertime episodes: • To identify ambient PM 2.5 concentrations residents are being exposed to beyond the NPFS monitor; and • To evaluate where a new monitor could be placed, if necessary, to better represent neighborhood scale impacts Is the NPFS site representative for the area ? • 5 CLEAR THE AIR CONFERENCE, FAIRBANKS 9/22/2017
Organization FNSB DEC Technical Assistance Technical Assistance Site selection Outreach Community Outreach Obtained Funding EPA Oversight Technical Assistance Data Analysis Review and approve study design Sierra Research (DEC contractor) Review and approve findings Project Planning and Management Assist with site selection if warranted Data Analysis T&B Systems (Sub-contractor) Equipment Selection Data Collection Quality Assurance 6 CLEAR THE AIR CONFERENCE, FAIRBANKS 9/22/2017
Study Design Based on hourly BAM data collected at the NPFS monitoring station from 2013-2015, and the special purpose monitoring and mobile “sniffer” PM survey data previously collected by the FNSB Fixed-Site Monitoring ◦ 11 additional fixed-site monitors were placed and operated continuously during the study period. ◦ Siting was set back from the main roads and away from local sources to try to capture the most representative data of a neighborhood scale within a broad area of North Pole ◦ Extend roughly 2 miles outward from the NPFS site (neighborhood scale) ◦ Timing: to catch exceedance days, i.e. days with temperatures at -15°F NP composite sniffer map of 2014/15 winter drives 7 CLEAR THE AIR CONFERENCE, FAIRBANKS 9/22/2017
Mobile Monitoring - ‘Virtual Sites’ Goal Evaluate small scale variations associated with localized sources and microscale phenomena Create a dense network of ‘virtual sites’, using fixed monitors would be too costly Technique Sniffer vehicle travelled a defined route once each hour for periods of four hours Morning, Midday, Evening, Night Measuring PM 2.5 Concentration and GPS Coordinates at 1-second intervals Data Processing ‘Bin’ the 1- second measurements into 25-meter bins surrounding 1153 ‘virtual sites’ Average those 1-second measurements to produce a 1-hour average concentration for each bin Average the individual bins’ hourly concentrations into a 4-hour average Testing Validity by comparing mobile bins to nearby fixed sites 8 CLEAR THE AIR CONFERENCE, FAIRBANKS 9/22/2017
Equipment Thermo Personal Data Ram (pDR) Model 1500 samplers was used for all PM 2.5 measurements Used for stationary and mobile monitoring Same as FNSB ‘sniffer’ vehicle set- up pDR is a low cost monitor Not qualified for use in regulatory purposes 9 CLEAR THE AIR CONFERENCE, FAIRBANKS 9/22/2017
Stationary Sites and Mobile Routes 10 CLEAR THE AIR CONFERENCE, FAIRBANKS 9/22/2017
Timeline Fixed Sites: February 3 rd through 19 th , 2017 ◦ 14 Days Mobile Monitoring: February 7 th through 18 th , 2017 ◦ 11 Morning Runs 6AM to 10AM ◦ 6 Midday Runs 11AM to 3PM ◦ 11 Evening Runs 6PM to 10PM ◦ 5 Night Runs 10PM to 2AM 11 CLEAR THE AIR CONFERENCE, FAIRBANKS 9/22/2017
-40 -30 -20 -10 10 20 30 40 0 1/1/2017 Temperature 1/3/2017 1/5/2017 1/7/2017 1/9/2017 1/11/2017 1/13/2017 1/15/2017 1/17/2017 1/19/2017 1/21/2017 1/23/2017 January, February, March: 24-Hour Average Temperatures Measured at NPFS, °F 1/25/2017 1/27/2017 1/29/2017 1/31/2017 2/2/2017 2/4/2017 Max/Min CLEAR THE AIR CONFERENCE, FAIRBANKS 9/22/2017 2/6/2017 2/8/2017 2/10/2017 Average 2/12/2017 2/14/2017 2/16/2017 -15F 2/18/2017 2/20/2017 2/22/2017 Study Period 2/24/2017 2/26/2017 2/28/2017 3/2/2017 3/4/2017 3/6/2017 3/8/2017 3/10/2017 3/12/2017 3/14/2017 3/16/2017 3/18/2017 3/20/2017 3/22/2017 3/24/2017 12 3/26/2017 3/28/2017 3/30/2017
Results: Fixed Monitoring – 24 Hour Averages 24-Hour Average PM 2.5 Concentrations - Fixed Sites 100 All data from low cost 90 monitors 80 70 PM 2.5 Concentration, µg/m 3 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Feb - 4 Feb - 5 Feb - 6 Feb - 7 Feb - 8 Feb - 9 Feb - 10 Feb - 11 Feb - 12 Feb - 13 Feb - 14 Feb - 15 Feb - 16 Feb - 17 Feb - 18 NPFS Concentration (Site 1) Average Concentration (Sites 2-12) 13 CLEAR THE AIR CONFERENCE, FAIRBANKS 9/22/2017
Results: Fixed Monitoring – 1 Hour Averages 1-Hour Average PM 2.5 Concentrations - Fixed Sites 210 All data from low cost 200 monitors 190 180 170 160 150 PM 2.5 Concentration, µg/m 3 140 130 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Feb - 4 Feb - 5 Feb - 6 Feb - 7 Feb - 8 Feb - 9 Feb - 10 Feb - 11 Feb - 12 Feb - 13 Feb - 14 Feb - 15 Feb - 16 Feb - 17 Feb - 18 Feb - 19 Maximum/Minimum Concentration Range (Sites 2-12) NPFS Concentration (Site 1) Average Concentration (Sites 2-12) 14 CLEAR THE AIR CONFERENCE, FAIRBANKS 9/22/2017
Results: Fixed Monitoring – 1 Hour Averages 1-Hour Average PM 2.5 Concentrations - Fixed Sites 210 All data from low cost 200 monitors 190 180 170 160 Period of high average 150 Period of lower average concentrations PM 2.5 Concentration, µg/m 3 140 concentrations 130 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Feb - 4 Feb - 5 Feb - 6 Feb - 7 Feb - 8 Feb - 9 Feb - 10 Feb - 11 Feb - 12 Feb - 13 Feb - 14 Feb - 15 Feb - 16 Feb - 17 Feb - 18 Feb - 19 Maximum/Minimum Concentration Range (Sites 2-12) NPFS Concentration (Site 1) Average Concentration (Sites 2-12) 15 CLEAR THE AIR CONFERENCE, FAIRBANKS 9/22/2017
Fixed site Monitoring Relationship Between: ◦ 5-min Concentrations ◦ 5-min Wind Directions ◦ 5-min Wind Speeds Observations: ◦ Northerly Winds Rare ◦ Winds <3 m/s ◦ Higher concentrations occur during periods with lower wind speeds ◦ Variation Between Sites ◦ All data from low cost monitors 16 CLEAR THE AIR CONFERENCE, FAIRBANKS 9/22/2017
Mobile Monitoring Saturday February 11 – Morning Run (6AM to 10AM) 4 plots showing concentrations during each 1- hour traverse 1 plot showing 4-hour average concentrations of the traverses Histogram showing distribution of 4-hour average concentrations Observations: Concentrations not homogenous throughout area Indicates many individual sources Localized high concentrations Concentrations are transient Possible Causes: Inversion layer lifting or forming Behavioral Patterns Dispersion of PM 2.5 17 CLEAR THE AIR CONFERENCE, FAIRBANKS 9/22/2017
‘Virtual sites’ vs Sniffer map analysis Similarities Road concentration maps look similar Second or minute data Differences Filling in information in between fixed sites 3 main time periods More robust analysis, by averaging the 4 sequential hourly drive data Able to catch variability of weather and emission patterns Cannot equate mobile data to 24 hour averaged data 18 CLEAR THE AIR CONFERENCE, FAIRBANKS 9/22/2017
Saturation Study Objective: Is the NPFS monitoring site representative for the area? 19 CLEAR THE AIR CONFERENCE, FAIRBANKS 9/22/2017
Conclusions - scale Study Condition Days Number of Exceedance Days 6 (NPFS 24-Hr Avg. > 35 µg/m³) Number of Cold Days 7 (Minimum Temp < -15°F) 20 CLEAR THE AIR CONFERENCE, FAIRBANKS 9/22/2017
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