Physiology of the normal menstrual cycle Dr. Tizar Dwi Satyoputro -ZIO
The Ovarian- Endometrial Cycle Follicular phase (D1-D14) Luteal phase (D14-28) Fertilization/Implantation Source: Cunningham, et al., 2010. Williams Obstetrics, p.37. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
The Menstrual Cycle Menstruation Stage (D1-D5) bleeding (menses) occurs for 3-5 days Proliferative Phase (D6-D14) ovulation occurs at about D12-D14 Secretory Phase (D15-D28) Source: Krumhardt , B., and Alcamo, I.E., 2010. Barron’s E - Z Anatomy and Physiology, p. 44. Barron’s Educational Series, Inc.
Hormonal markers of the menstrual cycle Source: Ferin, M., Jewelewicz, R., and Warren, M., 1993. The Menstrual Cycle- Physiology, Reproductive Disorders, and Fertility. Oxford University Press.
The Fertile Menstrual Cycle: fertility awareness-based method? Calendar methods (fertile days in usual menstrual cycle), Cervical Mucus method (quality and quantity of cervical mucus each day), Basal Body Temperature method (temperature changes during menstrual cycle), Symptothermal method (combination) [Gibbs et al., p.581] Frequently The First Menstrual Cycle: the timing of puberty? Asked Not well understood, although it is clear that hypothalamic input is primary [Ferin et al., p.78] Questions The Last Menstrual Cycle: the loss of fertility? Degree of irregularity of the menstrual cycle, the occurrence of cycles in which ovulation does not occur [Ferin et al., p.96] The Abnormal Menstrual Cycle: painful menstruation – primary dysmenorrhea? Lack understanding on its primary cause, but evidently potent Postaglandins (PGs) and possibly Leukotriens (LTs) [Rees et al., p.27] The Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS): mood and menstrual cycle? No specific symptoms, but rich in treatments, e.g. lifestyle adjustment (psychosocial), estrogen-progesterone (hormones) [Rees et al., p.123] Source: Gibbs, R.S., Karlan, B.Y., Haney, A.F., and Nygaard , I., 2008. Danforth’s Obstetrics and Gynecology . Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Ferin, M., Jewelewicz, R., and Warren, M., 1993. The Menstrual Cycle- Physiology, Reproductive Disorders, and Fertility. Oxford University Press. Rees, M., Hope, S., and Ravnikar, V., 2005. The Abnormal Menstrual Cycle. Taylor & Francis Group.
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