Introducing collaborative marine management at the village level in Pemba, Zanzibar – factors determining community receptiveness: A case study of two neighbouring villages Lorna Slade, Ali Thani, Hannah Becker and Ali Said Hamad WIOMSA Symposium, Dar es Salaam November 2017
PECCA Pemba Channel Conservation Area Areas of Mwambao focus (support of Fauna & Flora Int. and Indian Ocean Commission)
Defining community-based Community- based collaborative co-management
KISIWA PANZA AND KUKUU SHEHIAS PEMBA CHANNEL CONSERVATION AREA PEMBA, ZANZIBAR, TANZANIA Neighbouring communities with similar fishing grounds and community profile
Engagement History ❖ 2014/15 Kisiwa Panza (KP) first engaged as a pilot site for trialling temporary reef closures for octopus through Mwambao partnership with IOC-Smartfish ❖ 2015 After 6 months, Mwambao partnered with FFI to repeat closures but primarily to build community capacity for co-management of fishery grounds ❖ 2016 Kukuu was engaged as second pilot site both under FFI and IOC-Smartfish programmes ❖ 2017 Continued engagement to date by Mwambao in both communities
Progress – Kisiwa Panza 2015 (March) – First closure c. 100ha for 3 months Monitoring results show increased overall catch and average octopus size 2016 (April) – Second closure 2 sites (total) for 3 months 2016 (August) – Third closure for 10 weeks – forced opening by significant poaching event (>80 fishers) 2017 (May) – re-election of the Committee (SFC) Repeat closures planned for next year
Total catch in Kg 3000 2000 2500 1000 1500 500 0 1 (13/2-22/2) 2 (2/3-9/3) START of Kusi - SW monsoon 3 (17/3-24/3) 4 (31/3-7/4) 5 (15/4-22/4) CLOSURE PERIOD 6 (29/4-6/5) 7 (14/5-21/5) CLOSU Total Octopus Catch (kg) at Mwembeni and Majomani landing sites, Kisiwa Panza 8 (29/5-5/6) 9 (13/6-20/6) 10 (27/6-4/7) 11 (12/7-20/7) 12 (27/7-3/8) 13 (11/8-18/8) RAMADHAN for bamvua periods Feb 2015 to Dec 2016 14 (26/8-2/9) 15 (9/9-16/9) 16 (25/9-2/10) Bamvua fishing period (8 days of recording) 17 (9/10-16/10) 18 (24/10-31/10) 19 (8/11=15/11) 20 (23/11-30/11) 21 (7/12-14/12) 22 (22/12-29/12) 23 (6/1-13/1) 24 (21/1-28/1) 25 (5/2-12/2) 26 (19/2-26/2) 27 (5/3-12/3) monsoon START of Kusi - SW 28 (20/3-27/3) 29 (4/4-11/4) 30 (18/4-25/4) 31 (3/5-10/5) 32 (17/5-24/5) 33 (1/6-8/6) PERIODS CLOSURE 34 (16/6-23/6) 35 (1/7-8/7) 36 (15/7-22/7) 37 (30/7-6/8) RAMADHAN 38 (14/8-21/8) 39 (29/8-5/9) 40 (12/9-19/9) 41 (27/9-4/10) 42 (12/10-19/10) 43 (27/10-3/11) 44 (11/11-18/11) 45 (26/11-3/12) 46 (10/12-17/12)
SITE SIZE NGAZI 150 ha. JOMBE 227 ha. MACHONDONI 84 ha. (KUKUU)
Progress – Kukuu 2016 March – First closure for octopus 2016 June – Oct 2017 – Second and repeated 3- month closures for octopus Revenue sharing mechanism established 2016 October – First permanent no-take zone declared within temporary NTZ 2016 Fishery ground zoned and local management plan drafted
KUKUU Octopus total catch (kg) 450 Total Catch (kg) for Kukuu landing site March-Dec 2016 400 CLOSURE PERIODS 350 300 Total catch (kg) 250 200 150 100 50 0 Bamvua (number and date)
Participatory data analysis Examined two parameters over recording period Average individual weight total catch (kg)
Zoning of Kukuu local fishing grounds (marine spatial planning)
First local management plan for PECCA
Factors affecting successful adoption of co-management Kawaka et al (2017) found key factors in developing 19 Kenyan LMMAs to be - Leaders in community who will champion LMMA - Education, awareness and training in CBNRM - Supportive legal framework and government - External source of funding - Exchange visits to existing LMMA Guttierez et al (2011) in a study of 130 co-managed fisheries found the most important factors - Strong leadership - Individual or community quotas - Social cohesion - Presence of MPAs Crona et al. 2017 in a comparative study of six Chilean Territorial User Rights areas, findings show that social capital may not be a useful predictor of success, while the presence of engaged leadership and agreement among members around sanctions appears more closely linked to performance across all social and ecological outcome variables….Results indicate that leadership interacts with specific aspects of what is generally referred to as social capital to affect outcomes.
Characteristics of the communities CONDITIONS KISIWA COMMENT KUKUU COMMENT PANZA Population size 6,146 3000 Good relationship DFD YES PECCA Manager YES Officer-in-charge DFD Pemba Dependence on the YES >90% fishers YES >90% marine resource users resource Prior understanding of NO Limited understanding of NO Limited understanding of roles role of SFC roles and responsibilities and responsibilities Past engagement with YES MACEMP but failed due to YES MACEMP but failed closures conflict with neigbours Enabling legislation and NO Legislation only in draft but NO Legislation only in draft but by- agreed sanctions by-laws adopted by District laws adopted by District Local government support YES Sheha shows only NO Sheha very supportive moderate support Social cohesion NO Two villages YES Split the shehia early in process Trust NO Limited trust of SFC YES High level of trust in SFC Elite capture SFC YES To some extent NO Possibly some Leadership (both imposed NO SFC leadership weak – YES Very strong elected leadership and elected) political appointees Incentives for engagement NO No benefit sharing YES Benefit sharing Community champions NO At the beginning but did YES Yes – at least 3 champions on SFC not continue
FACTORS AFFECTING ADOPTION Extent of fishing ground relative to the village Forceful presence of illegal fishers Strong leadership within the committee Free and fair election of the committee The extent of awareness-raising within the community A supportive village government The value of the fishery Local political climate Cohesiveness of the community Benefit sharing of proceeds from closures Supportive legislation
Discussion - Lessons for future engagement with new communities in Zanzibar Local history of conflict and politics will inform rate of progress and may allow early mitigation Support of village government crucial and should be fostered Representativeness of the committee should be considered in initial stages (re-election might be necessary) – ideally illegal fisher groups should also be represented Wider awareness raising amongst community (throughout period of engagement) is important (this is easier in smaller communities) Community champions and strong leaders can be a determining factor in adoption success and should be identified and nurtured Benefit sharing from management initiatives can assist adoption
References: Bodin, O. and B. Crona (2008) Management of Natural Resources at the Community Level: Exploring the Role of Social Capital and Leadership in a Rural Fishing Community. World Development Vol. 36, No. 12, pp. 2763-2779 Crona, B., Gelcic, S. and O. Bodin (2017) The Importance of Interplay Between Leadership and Social Capital in Shaping Outcomes of Rights-Base Fisheries Governance. World Development Vol. 91, pp. 70-83 Guttierrez, N., Hilborn, R. and O. Defeo (2011) Leadership, social capital and incentives promote successful fisheries Nature Vol 470 pp 389 Kawaka, J., Samoilys, M., Murunga, M., Church, J., Abunge, C. and G. Maina (2017) Developing locally managed marine areas: Lessons learnt from Kenya. Ocean & Management 135 1-10 McClanahan, T., Muthiga, N. and C. Abunge (2016) Establishment of Community Managed Fisheries’ Closures in Kenya: Early Evolution of the Tengefu Movement. Coastal Management, Vol 44, NO. 1, 1-20 Slade, L. and A. Thani (2015) Socio-economic Baseline Study Kisiwa Panza. Mwambao/FFI project document J. d’Esterre Roberts (2017) Silver Bullet or Red Herring?: Are Community Environment Conservation Funds a Suitable Management Tool for Building Resilience in Coastal Communities ofDeveloping Countries? A Feasibility Study in Pemba, Zanzibar. Thesis for Dissertation, University of Edinburgh, School of Geosciences.
Ahsante! www.mwambao.or.tz lornaslade@mwambao.or.tz
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