My Position Paper on New Paradigms for Future Akira Kumagai akira.kumagai@tel.com Tokyo Electron Software Technologies LMD. I would like to describe some considerations about new system development paradigms for future from three points of view. The first one is a way of thinking, second one is a way of manufacturing, and the last one is a way of making institutions. These three ways are necessary and sufficient conditions to make big systems with computers such as developing systems software. 1 . A way of thinking way of thinking Because software applications are built by human beings, the methods, tools and practices used for software have become subject to study and analysis. And we have to study our way of thinking that control all our thoughts and activities. 1. 1.1 Three 1 Three wills wills I have experienced many projects including developing compilers, new operating systems, creating new machines, some kind of artificial intelligent systems, researching on demand learning, and etc… And recently I realize we need three kinds of wills when we create and make something new and keep it well. (1) Will to construction (1) W ill to construction This will focuses on to create products. The key issue is to make a representation about the product in the independent order and structure from nature with formalizations of semantics. Creation Product Formalization of Semantics Representation Independent Order & Structure Creation View Analytic Method (Descartes) Object and Process (Descartes) Calculus (Newton) 1
We can find this creation views in the analytic method by Descartes, the thought of object and process by Descartes, and Newton’s calculus. (2) W (2) Will to p ill to power wer This will make orders from chaos like generating text expression. It breaks traditional affairs through and establishes a new value. These evolutional views are found in “will to power” by Nietzche, Taoism by Laotsu and Metaphysics by Henri Bergson. Generation Text Make Order Expression Genetic and Chaos Evolution View Will to Power (Nietzsche) Taoism (Laotzu) Metaphysics (Bergson) (3) (3) Will to knowledge ill to knowledge This will focus on the knowledge that is built in the social institutions. One person can’t realize knowledge well by oneself. So we have to make collaborations to make knowledge with many people in the society. We have to understand the onion view of culture as a important social institution. Symbols are words (language, jorgan), dress, hairstyle, Coca Cola, flags, gestures, and pictures. Heroes are persons (alive, dead, imaginary), highly prized in a culture and 2
serve a model for behavior such as Batman, Snoopy in USA, and Nobunaga, Musashi in Japan. Rituals are collective activities, ways of greeting, paying respects to others, and social and religious ceremonies, and etc … 1. 1.2 2 Metaphysical Metaphysical meth methods ods One of the methods that beyond the object oriented method could be the metaphysical method. How to understand the object is our substantial problem for ourselves, because our understandings depend on our experiences and knowledge. We use scientific methods and engineering methods to solve our relative views that depend on our standing point of views, but we never get it with scientific methods. Metaphysical methods provide us a new way to understand the object that stands outside of us. We never use symbols and frame of reference in the metaphysical method that is the necessary concept in the scientific and engineering field. This is the reason why we call it the metaphysical method. The key issue here is to change from the relative understanding to the absolute realization. Is it possible or how can we get it? It’s a good question and I would like to discuss with you. 1. 1.3 3 Semiotic Semiotic engineering f engineering for human computer instruction r human computer instruction Semiotics and Semiology is a study of signs and systems of signs. This study provides us how the meaning is constructed with systems of signs and how can we communicate the meaning between human beings with using signs. There are some fundamental concepts that are provided by Ferdinand de Saussure and Charls Sanders Peirce in this field. Followings are topics: Signs, semiosis, and abduction Sign classification, their origin, and their use Pragmatics, speech acts, and culture Sign production, communication, and discursive competence Metaphor and metonymies It’s a good way to apply semiotics to design Human-Computer Interaction systems. Because the both of them share the same goals that aim to represent the meanings and communicate it among us using systems of signs. 2. 2. Ways of manufacturing ys of manufacturing It’s very important to produce something. For it’s our aim of living. So the way of manufacturing is always most important for human beings. Recently the following are 3
good development methods that improve our productivity, quality and reliability: Product line engineering COTS construction Component-based development 2.1 Pr 2.1 Prod oduct line enginee uct line engineering ing The concept of the product line engineering is good and clear, but it’s difficult to realize it in the companies. What are the key issues to introduce and use th eproduct line engineering in the practice. 2.2 COTS- 2. 2 COTS-base based construction construction The typical style of reuse software will be COTS. We have to solve the following problems regarding COTS development methods: Adaptive architecture and self-monitoring for requirements engineering COTS select guideline development Methods of safety analysis of COTS and product line Software construction and implementation Software testing 2.3 Comp 2.3 C mpon onent-based ent-based d develop velopment ent The component-based development is very popular now. But what’s the component in the programming languages level is a serious problem to clear. The implementations of the component are seen in .NET, Java Beans, Qt package and etc… The problems of the current component-based development are: Components integrations in the heterogeneous systems Component-relationships between development time and run time Abstraction levels and granularity levels of components Relationship between the product line engineering 3. 3. Way of making institutions y of making institutions 3. 3.1 Organiza 1 Organization structure tion structure There are four organizational paradigms that control project members not only physical but also mental. So it’s very important for project management. This idea was provided from Constantine. (1) Closed (1) Closed paradigm radigm A closed paradigm structures a team along a traditional hierarchy of authority. Such team can work well when producing software that is quite similar to past efforts, but they will be less likely be innovative when working within the closed paradigms. 4
(2) (2) The rand The random om paradigm paradigm The random paradigm structures a team loosely and depends on individual initiative of the team members. When innovation or technological breakthrough is required, teams following the random paradigm will excel. But such team may struggle when “ ordinary performance” is required. (3) (3) The op The open en p parad radigm gm This open paradigm attempts to structure a team in a manner that achieves some of the control associated with the closed paradigm but also much of the innovation that occurs when using the random paradigm. Work is performed collaboratively, with heavy communication and consensus-based decision making the trademarks oof open paradigm team. Open paradigm team structures are well suited to the solution of complex problems but may not perform as effectively as other team. (4) (4) The synchronous paradigm The synchronous paradigm The synchronous paradigm relies on the natural compartmentalization of a problem and organizes team members to work on pieces of the problem with little active communication among themselves. 3. 3.2 Postmodern 2 Postmodern para paradigms digms 3. 3.3 3 (1 (1) Orga Organiz nizations tions Modern Org Modern Organizat zations ons Postmodern Organ Postmodern Organizat zations ons Specialization of tasks Diffusion of tasks Rigid structures Flexible structures Top-down flow of information Information valued from all sources Employees identify with their Employees identify with the company occupations Individuals jobs Overlapping teams Limiting or no retaining Constant and retaining Frequent job-hopping Long-term employment Top-down management Self-managing teams 5
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