Motivation and Emotion Chapter 9
Definitions • Relative deprivation • Adaptation-phenomenon • Facial feedback effect • Catharsis • Ghrelin hormone
Theories of Motivation • Definition of motivation • Instinct approaches - innate • Drive-reduction • Arousal Incentive • Cognitive – expectancy-value theory • Maslow hierarchy
Hunger and Eating • Biological factors - – Glucose – High carbs = raises serotonin – Hypothalamus (lateral) – Hormone ghrelin - stomach – Weight set point • Psychological factors - – Universal taste preferences – Cultural taste preferences – Cultural pressures
Hunger and Eating • Pesticides lower IQ in children. “Dirty Dozen” – pesticides – Apples Lettuce – Celery Cucumbers – Nectarines Potatoes – Blueberries Spinach – Peaches Grapes – Strawberries Sweet bell peppers
Obesity and Weight Control • Social causes and effects • Fat cells • Genes • Risk factors in obesity • Weight loss problems • Successful weight loss
Obesity and Weight Control
Eating Disorders • Anorexia - – People who refuse to eat – 20% die • Bulimia - – Food binges followed by purging
Anorexia Nervosa
Eating Disorders Film - Anorexia
Eating Disorders • Anorexia Nervosa – – Clinical picture • 90-95% are female; between 14-18 years old • Preoccupied with food • Distorted thinking • Maladaptive attitudes • Substance abuse • Psychological problems • OCD patterns • Perfectionists
Eating Disorders • Compensatory behaviors – Misusing laxatives, diuretics, enemas – Vomiting – Excessive exercise • Relieves fullness • Reduces anxiety • Eventually a cycle develops • Difference between eating disorders and other disorders – misses the symptoms
Eating Disorders • Causes / hypotheses - – Genetics – Physiology • Chemical imbalance in hypothalamus/ pituitary • Brain chemistry – high level of cortisol/ low levels of serotonin and ephinephrine – Personality traits – perfectionism; control – Parental demands – competitive; high achieving – Societal pressures, somewhat
Eating Disorders - Causes • Cognitive – • Improper labeling of internal cues • Feel lack of control over their lives • Judge selves based on their shape and weight and their ability to control them
Anorexia
Eating Disorders • Bulimia Nervosa- – Binges - • Secret • Between 1-30 binges a week • Consume as much as 10,000 calories during an episode • Preceded by great tension • Followed by negative feelings, fear
Eating Disorders Film – Bulimia Nervosa
Eating Disorders – Bulimia vs Anorexia • Both begin after or during a period of dieting • Heightened risk of suicide • Both driven to become thin • Bulimics more attractive to others, sexually experienced • Bulimics have long histories of mood swings, controlling impulses, strong emotions • Medical complications differ
Anorexia/ Bulimia Treatments • Cognitive • Behavior • Family • Group
Eating Disorders • Binge Eating Disorder – No compensatory behaviors – Two-third are overweight – No gender/ethnic differences – No extreme dieting as trigger – Similar pattern to bulimia - • Possible substance abuse • Misperceive their body size • Preoccupied with weight, food ,appearance, • Feelings of anxiety, depression, perfectionism
Eating Disorders
Need to Belong • Benefits of belonging – Survival – Self-esteem • Rejection - – The rejected child - Goleman – Two characteristics - • Seen as not fun to be with • Don ’ t know how to make another child feel good • Prediction of future mental health at 18 years
Theories of Emotions • James – Lange – Body R, then emotion • Cannon – Bard – Body R and emotion occur together • Schachter – Singer – Two-factor theory – body R plus cognitive appraisal
Theories of Emotions • Daniel J. Siegel – – Emotions have neural integrative quality are way of bringing body into brain. – Attunement – body R to another person – Emotions have neural integrative quality are way of bringing body into brain. – Attunement – body R to another person
Embodied Emotion • Emotions and A NS - – Mobilizes body for action • Physiology of Emotions - – Facial expressions /brain activity vary with emotion – behavior feedback effect – Left frontal lobe = positive emotions • Cognition and Emotion - Amygdala hijacking – prefrontal cortex connection is by-passed • One ’ s perception = most influence over R; proper use of consciousness can bring health to ailing body
Culture and Emotional Expression - Paul J. Ekman • Detecting emotion in others – Non-verbal cues • Emotions displayed thru facial expressions are innate, not learned
Emotional Expression - Paul J. Ekman • Six emotions across cultures • Evolution/ natural selection role • Events that trigger emotions are influenced by our individual experience and ancestral past. • Emotions evolved to prepare us to deal quickly with most vital events of life
Behaving Emotionally • Thinking is early learning, hence modifiable, but once it enters affect programs, it runs automatic and becomes difficult to change • Steps to modify behavior – Mindfulness – be observer – impulse awareness – charts – Reflective consciousness – causes of triggers • Ourselves • Others – attentive to emotions of others – When make mistakes: • Reappraise what is occurring • Can choose to interrupt action, speech, or dampen emotion
Paul J. Ekman Film - Emotion Facial Expressions
Experienced Emotions - Shame • Difference between shame / guilt – Shame = painful feeling about oneself as a person; “I am bad.” – Guilt = painful feeling of regret and responsibility for one’s actions; “I did something bad.” • Difference between shame /embarrassment – Shame does not involve public humiliation; embarrassment does – Shame may be response to something that is morally wrong; embarrassment may be response to something morally neutral but socially unacceptable. (Haidt material) • Use of shame/guilt to regulate societal behavior.
Shame • Shame is fear of disconnection. • “I’m not good enough.” • Vulnerability underlies shame. • Struggle for sense of love and belonging. • We numb vulnerability – but also, all joy and love – Addiction – Obesity – Debt – Medication • Then, become miserable and seek relief by: – Seeking control – Blame – Pretending what we do doesn’t impact others
Shame • Solution – Be seen – open up to others. – Love with our whole hearts. – Practice gratitude and joy. – Believe “I am enough.” Brene Brown – TED talks
Experienced Emotions - Happiness – – Wealth – Adaptation-level phenomenon – Relative deprivation – Genetic component – Personal history – Culture – Happiness set-point – Behavior feedback effect
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