Monitoring of urban stormwater Monitoring of urban stormwater pollutants in both particulate and pollutants in both particulate and dissolved phases in separate sewers dissolved phases in separate sewers Sally ZGHEIB Sally ZGHEIB R. MOILLERON, M. SAAD, G. CHEBBO th World Wide Workshop for Young Environmental Scientists 7 th World Wide Workshop for Young Environmental Scientists 7 15 May 2008 15 May 2008
ZGHEIB et al., 2008 Overview I- Introduction II- Selection of Urban Priority Pollutants III- Experimental sites 15 May 2008 IV- Screening methodology V - Conclusion 7th WWW-YES 2
ZGHEIB et al., 2008 Overview I- Introduction Selection of Urban Priority Pollutants II - Selection of Urban Priority Pollutants II- - Selection of Urban Priority Pollutants II Experimental sites III - Experimental sites III- - Experimental sites III 15 May 2008 Screening methodology IV - Screening methodology IV- - Screening methodology IV - Conclusion V - Conclusion Conclusion V - V 7th WWW-YES 3
ZGHEIB et al., 2008 I ntroduction Environment vs. Urban Land Development Environmental pollution Impervious surfaces impacts 15 May 2008 Increasing of runoff volume Load of pollutants Accumulated 7th WWW-YES Atmospheric Buildings materials pollutants during deposition the dry weather Potential sources of non point pollution 4
ZGHEIB et al., 2008 I ntroduction � Urban Areas: � Different kind of sewer or drainage system � Specific properties for each type � Separate storm sewer → short residence time of stormwater 15 May 2008 → Watercourse ending without treatment Requirement of stormwater contamination knowledge � Water Framework Directive (WFD): 33 priority pollutants list 7th WWW-YES � Progressive reduction of discharges � Cessation of discharges of priority hazardous substances � Choice of these pollutants : specific industrial sources (COMMPS procedure) Extension of this list → Including urban pollutants 5
ZGHEIB et al., 2008 I ntroduction � Aims of this research: � Extension of the WFD pollutants list → List of urban pollutants � Innovative screening methodology → Dissolved & particulate pollutants 15 May 2008 � Assessing of pollutants load of 3 watersheds with 3 different land use pattern Optimisation of water BMPs & 7th WWW-YES Contribution to reach the WFD goals 6
ZGHEIB et al., 2008 Overview Introduction I - Introduction I- - Introduction I II- Selection of Urban Priority Pollutants Experimental sites III - Experimental sites III- - Experimental sites III 15 May 2008 Screening methodology IV - Screening methodology IV- - Screening methodology IV - Conclusion V - Conclusion Conclusion V - V 7th WWW-YES 7
ZGHEIB et al., 2008 Selection of urban priority pollutants � Emissions of environmental hazardous substances in urban areas: � Toxicity, bioaccumulation & persistence in the Environment � Sources, production & uses 15 May 2008 7th WWW-YES 8
ZGHEIB et al., 2008 Selection of urban priority pollutants Buildings, heating Industrial factories ATMOSPHERE system… 15 May 2008 Exhaust particulates Road aerosols Dust Plants Traffic 7th WWW-YES Urban Runoff Water Roofs, Streets Dogs faeces Separate Storm Sewer Watercourses 9
ZGHEIB et al., 2008 Selection of urban priority pollutants � Atmosphere deposition PAHs, PCBs, pesticides & alkylphenols � Organic substances: � Volatiles substances : BTEX & VOCs PBDEs, PCBs, chloroalkanes � Flame retardants: � Metals 15 May 2008 Traffic � � Metals (Zn, Cu, Pb, Pt, Cd) � Alkylphenols � PAHs…. 7th WWW-YES Gardens Buildings � � � Pesticides & additives � Metals (alkylphenols, organotins) � Nonylphenols, PBDEs � Phtalates 10
ZGHEIB et al., 2008 Selection of urban priority pollutants � SSPPs list (Selected Stormwater Priority Pollutants) (Erickson et al., 2007) � Theoretical methodology � No experimental tests on samples 15 May 2008 � European Regulations for water policy field: � WFD 2000/60/CE (33 priority substances list) � WFD 76/464/CEE (132 dangerous substances) 7th WWW-YES 11
ZGHEIB et al., 2008 Selection of urban priority pollutants 33 priority substances WFD 2000/60/CE List I WFD 76/464/CE 18 substances PentaBromoDiphenylEthers Di-(2-ethylhexyl)-Phtalates Pentachlorobenzene 1,2-Dichloroethane DDT, DDD, DDE Chloroalkanes C10-13 Carbon tetrachloride Aldrin 15 May 2008 Nonylphenols (4-para Trichlorobenzenes (1,2,4- Dieldrin nonylphenols), trichlorobenzene) Hexachlorobenzene Endrin Octylphenols (para-tert- octylphenols) Hexachlorobutadiene, Isodrin Fluoranthene (Lindane) Tetrachlorure de Carbone Alachlor, Chlorfenvinphos, Hexachlorocyclohexane tetrachloroethylene Chlorpyrifos, Diuron, Pentachlorophenol Trichlorethylene Isoproturon, 7th WWW-YES Cadmium, Mercury Tributyltin 5 PAHs, Anthracene, Naphthalene list II Nickel, Lead WFD 76/464/CE Methylene chloride, Benzene, 99 substances Atrazine, Endosulfan alpha, Simazine, Trifluralin 12
ZGHEIB et al., 2008 Selection of urban priority pollutants 46 individuals substances from WFD lists � 42 others individuals substances: � � SSPPs lists � Pollutants emissions from urban 15 May 2008 88 substances 13 chemical pollutants families: Metals (8) Chlorophenols (2) Organotins (3) Flame retardants (11) Pesticides (24) VOCs (7) 7th WWW-YES Alkylphenols (5) BTEX (5) PAHs (16) Phtalates (1) Chlorobenzenes (5) Others (1) General water quality parameters 13
ZGHEIB et al., 2008 Overview Introduction I - Introduction I- - Introduction I Selection of Urban Priority Pollutants II - Selection of Urban Priority Pollutants II- - Selection of Urban Priority Pollutants II III- Experimental sites 15 May 2008 Screening methodology IV - Screening methodology IV- - Screening methodology IV - Conclusion V - Conclusion Conclusion V - V 7th WWW-YES 14
15 Experimental sites ZGHEIB et al., 2008 15 May 2008 7th WWW-YES
ZGHEIB et al., 2008 Experimental sites I - Tolbiac-Massena: urban dense area in Paris (75) � Surface: 0.64 km² � Impervious Surface Coefficient (ISC) : 80% N N 15 May 2008 Seine Seine Monitoring Monitoring point point Catchment Catchment 7th WWW-YES 300m 300m 16
ZGHEIB et al., 2008 Experimental sites II- Sucy-en-Brie : residential area in Paris suburb (Val de Marne 94) � Surface: 2.61 km² � Impervious Surface Coefficient (ISC) : 27% N N 15 May 2008 Catchment Catchment Monitoring Monitoring point point 7th WWW-YES 17
ZGHEIB et al., 2008 Experimental sites III- Noisy-le-Grand : urban centre area in Paris suburb (Seine Saint Denis 93) � Surface: 2.30 km² � Impervious Surface Coefficient (ISC) : 65 % Monitoring Monitoring N N N point point 15 May 2008 Catchment Catchment 7th WWW-YES 18
ZGHEIB et al., 2008 Experimental sites Site equipments Sampling of: � Organic pollutants: Pyrex amber glass bottles + Teflon sampling tubes 15 May 2008 � Minerals substances: polyethylene (PE) bottles + PVC sampling tubes 7th WWW-YES � Two refrigerated automatic water samplers (Bühler 1029) � Pluviometer (gauge precipitation) � Flowmeter 19
ZGHEIB et al., 2008 Overview Introduction I - Introduction I- - Introduction I Selection of Urban Priority Pollutants II - Selection of Urban Priority Pollutants II- - Selection of Urban Priority Pollutants II Experimental sites III - Experimental sites III- - Experimental sites III 15 May 2008 IV- Screening methodology - Conclusion V - Conclusion Conclusion V - V 7th WWW-YES 20
ZGHEIB et al., 2008 An innovative Screening methodology? Analyses carried out on bulk samples will provide: � Poor-quality data of the contamination representativeness in water � Organic pollutants with log Kp > 3: concentration should be measured in SS 15 May 2008 rather than in the bulk water sample or dissolved phase Analyses on both particulate & dissolved phases To show the difference between: � Bulk samples analyses 7th WWW-YES � Particulate / dissolved phases analyses Comparison of these analytical methodology on a same sample 21
ZGHEIB et al., 2008 An innovative Screening methodology? 12 x 1 l mixing Ordinary 15 May 2008 Bulk sample (B) Water quality 12 l parameters (B) filtration 7th WWW-YES Organic and Organic and Liophilisation mineral mineral Contaminants Contaminants (D) (P) Dissolved Particulate phase (D) phase (P) 22
ZGHEIB et al., 2008 Overview Introduction I - Introduction I- - Introduction I Selection of Urban Priority Pollutants II - Selection of Urban Priority Pollutants II- - Selection of Urban Priority Pollutants II Experimental sites III - Experimental sites III- - Experimental sites III 15 May 2008 Screening methodology IV - Screening methodology IV- - Screening methodology IV V - Conclusion 7th WWW-YES 23
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