Modelling NORM in the Modelling NORM in the environment environment EMRAS Project, NORM Working Group EMRAS Project, NORM Working Group R.S. O’ ’Brien Brien – – Australia; Australia; P. McDonald – – UK; UK; R.S. O P. McDonald P.W. Waggitt Waggitt – – IAEA; IAEA; V. Koukouliou Koukouliou – – Greece; Greece; P.W. V. D. Pé érez rez S Sá ánchez nchez – – Spain; Spain; J. Horyna Horyna - - Czech Republic; Czech Republic; D. P J. C. Nuccetelli Nuccetelli, M. Paganini , M. Paganini – – Italy; Italy; T. al T. al- -Khayat Khayat – – Iraq Iraq C. C. Yu, L. Setlow Setlow – – USA; USA; C. Yu, L. E. Quintana, A. Canoba Canoba, V. Amado , V. Amado – – Argentina; Argentina; E. Quintana, A. T. Zeevaert Zeevaert* , G. * , G. Olyslaegers Olyslaegers – – Belgium; Belgium; T. EMRAS I I WG2 NORM AND LEGACY SITES VIENNA 23-25 September 2009
Hypothetical point source Hypothetical point source scenario scenario � Point source Point source � � Single stack Single stack � � 2 receptors (houses) at 300 and 1500 m 2 receptors (houses) at 300 and 1500 m � � Wind rose data Wind rose data � � Atmospheric stability data Atmospheric stability data � � Rainfall, occupancy and dietary data Rainfall, occupancy and dietary data � � Discharge data (Pb Discharge data (Pb- -210, Po 210, Po- -210) 210) � � Predict Predict � � Air concentrations Air concentrations � � Deposition & resuspension Deposition & resuspension � � Surface concentrations Surface concentrations � � Soil concentrations Soil concentrations � � Doses (external, food chain, inhalation) Doses (external, food chain, inhalation) � EMRAS I I WG2 NORM AND LEGACY SITES VIENNA 23-25 September 2009
Point source scenario Point source scenario Wind Groundwater direction 0 o flow direction Sector 1 House #2 (1.5 km 1200 m from stack) Field #2 Field #1 House #1 (300 m 700 m from stack) 200 m stack 1 km 23-25 September 2009 EMRAS I I WG2 NORM AND LEGACY SITES VIENNA
Annual wind rose data Annual wind rose data Sector Wind Direction Frequency (%) 1 345° - < 15° 4.6 2 15° - < 45° 5.4 3 45° - < 75° 7.6 4 75° - < 105° 5.4 5 105° - < 135° 3.8 6 135° - < 165° 7.4 7 165° - < 195° 14.1 8 195° - < 225° 20.3 9 225° - < 255° 13.3 10 255° - < 285° 7.5 11 285° - < 315° 6 12 315° - < 345° 4.1 EMRAS I I WG2 NORM AND LEGACY SITES VIENNA 23-25 September 2009
Annual atmospheric stability and Annual atmospheric stability and wind speed data wind speed data Pasquill stability Frequency Mean Wind category Speed (m s -1 ) (%) A 0.5 1 B 0.5 1.5 C 4 2.5 D 28 5 E 38 8 F 27 6 G 2 4 EMRAS I I WG2 NORM AND LEGACY SITES VIENNA 23-25 September 2009
Stack discharge data for the Stack discharge data for the point source scenario point source scenario Effective stack height 100 m m 3 s -1 Air discharge rate 100 210 Pb discharge rate Bq s -1 100 210 Po discharge rate Bq s -1 100 23-25 September 2009 EMRAS I I WG2 NORM AND LEGACY SITES VIENNA
Dietary data Dietary data L a -1 drinking water well 400 L m -2 d -1 for 1 irrigation river 100 days L d -1 cattle river 60 L d -1 6 sheep river kg a -1 5 diet fish kg a -1 + grain 80 grains products kg a -1 + juices 80 fruits kg a -1 vegetables 70 kg a -1 meat + sausages 40 kg a -1 + milk products 90 milk kg a -1 without tubers 70 root crops kg a -1 tubers 90 23-25 September 2009 EMRAS I I WG2 NORM AND LEGACY SITES VIENNA
Occupancy data Occupancy data indoors – sleeping 8 h indoors - light exercise 8 h outdoors - light exercise 4 h outdoors - heavy exercise 4 h 23-25 September 2009 EMRAS I I WG2 NORM AND LEGACY SITES VIENNA
PC- -CREAM 98 CREAM 98 PC PC CREAM – – (Consequences of Releases to (Consequences of Releases to PC CREAM the Environment: Assessment the Environment: Assessment Methodology) is a suite of models and data Methodology) is a suite of models and data for assessing the radiological consequences for assessing the radiological consequences of the discharge of routine radioactive of the discharge of routine radioactive releases of aerial and liquid effluents to releases of aerial and liquid effluents to members of the population of concern members of the population of concern EMRAS I I WG2 NORM AND LEGACY SITES VIENNA 23-25 September 2009
PC- -CREAM 98 CREAM 98 PC Methodology used with PC- Methodology used with PC -CREAM CREAM The processes modeled modeled in PC in PC- -CREAM that influence the transfer of CREAM that influence the transfer of The processes radionuclides in the receiving terrestrial environment are: radionuclides in the receiving terrestrial environment are: � Deposition from the atmosphere Deposition from the atmosphere � � Migration of radionuclides in soil Migration of radionuclides in soil � � Transfer to plants Transfer to plants � � Transfer to animals Transfer to animals � EMRAS I I WG2 NORM AND LEGACY SITES VIENNA 23-25 September 2009
PC- -CREAM 98 CREAM 98 PC ASSESSOR , the assessment program, has the central dose ASSESSOR , the assessment program, has the central dose � � assessment function within the programs. assessment function within the programs. FARMLAND is a dynamic compartment model for evaluating the FARMLAND is a dynamic compartment model for evaluating the � � transfer of radionuclides through food chains following routine transfer of radionuclides through food chains following routine continuous releases to the atmosphere. continuous releases to the atmosphere. PLUME is a Gaussian plume atmospheric dispersion model for PLUME is a Gaussian plume atmospheric dispersion model for � � calculating average radioactivity concentrations in air. calculating average radioactivity concentrations in air. DORI S is a marine dispersion model for European waters capable of DORI S is a marine dispersion model for European waters capable of � � calculating radioactivity concentrations in seawater, and marine calculating radioactivity concentrations in seawater, and marine sediments. sediments. GRANI S is a model for calculating external gamma exposure to an GRANI S is a model for calculating external gamma exposure to an � � individual from deposited radioactivity in soil. individual from deposited radioactivity in soil. RESUS is a time dependent resuspension model for calculating RESUS is a time dependent resuspension model for calculating � � annual average activity concentrations in air due to the resuspension nsion annual average activity concentrations in air due to the resuspe of previously deposited activity. of previously deposited activity. EMRAS I I WG2 NORM AND LEGACY SITES VIENNA 23-25 September 2009
PC- -CREAM 98 CREAM 98 PC To calculate the aerial dispersion factors, the PLUME PLUME � To calculate the aerial dispersion factors, the � program was used to generate the dispersion data program was used to generate the dispersion data libraries for 210 210 Po and Po and 210 210 Pb, using the meteorological Pb, using the meteorological libraries for data provided. data provided. 210 Po and 210 Pb in Next, a library of concentrations of 210 Po and 210 � Next, a library of concentrations of Pb in � FARMLAND module. foodstuffs was created using the FARMLAND module. foodstuffs was created using the For this assessment, the undisturbed soil model was For this assessment, the undisturbed soil model was selected. Food consumption rates were those provided in selected. Food consumption rates were those provided in the HPS scenario description. the HPS scenario description.
PC- -CREAM 98 CREAM 98 PC RESUS module was run to calculate a library of � The The RESUS module was run to calculate a library of � time integrated resuspended activity concentrations in time integrated resuspended activity concentrations in air of 210 210 Po and Po and 210 210 Pb for the model Pb for the model’ ’s default integration s default integration air of times. times. � Finally, using the habit data and discharge data Finally, using the habit data and discharge data � provided, and using the output library files created from provided, and using the output library files created from the various modules within PC- -CREAM, food CREAM, food the various modules within PC concentrations and the individual committed effective concentrations and the individual committed effective doses to the residents were calculated using doses to the residents were calculated using ASSESSOR . ASSESSOR .
PC- -CREAM 98 CREAM 98 PC 23-25 September 2009 EMRAS I I WG2 NORM AND LEGACY SITES VIENNA
PC- -CREAM 98 FARMLAND CREAM 98 FARMLAND PC 23-25 September 2009 EMRAS I I WG2 NORM AND LEGACY SITES VIENNA
PC- -CREAM 98 FARMLAND CREAM 98 FARMLAND PC 23-25 September 2009 EMRAS I I WG2 NORM AND LEGACY SITES VIENNA
PC- -CREAM 98 FARMLAND CREAM 98 FARMLAND PC 23-25 September 2009 EMRAS I I WG2 NORM AND LEGACY SITES VIENNA
PC- -CREAM 98 FARMLAND CREAM 98 FARMLAND PC 23-25 September 2009 EMRAS I I WG2 NORM AND LEGACY SITES VIENNA
PC- -CREAM 98 FARMLAND CREAM 98 FARMLAND PC 23-25 September 2009 EMRAS I I WG2 NORM AND LEGACY SITES VIENNA
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