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Mig Migran ant t foo ootb tballer allers s in na in nation tional al te teams ams A critical reflection and alternative approach(es) to foreign- born football players at the FIFA World Cup, c. 1930-2014 G. van Campenhout, MSc. PhD

  1. Mig Migran ant t foo ootb tballer allers s in na in nation tional al te teams ams A critical reflection and alternative approach(es) to foreign- born football players at the FIFA World Cup, c. 1930-2014 G. van Campenhout, MSc. PhD Candidate ‘Sport and the Nation ’ Erasmus School of History, Culture and Communication Erasmus University Rotterdam, the Netherlands vancampenhout@eshcc.eur.nl www.sportandnation.com @SportandNation

  2. French squad without migrants Steve Mandanda Rod Fanni Samir Nasri Source: Simran Khosla / Global Post (2014)

  3. International football as a prism • Recent phenomenon? • Lack of (historical) overview on migrant footballers and nationality changes in international football • Database on FIFA World Cups, 1930-2014 – Biographical data and genealogy – 9.400 cases/football players – Who counts as a migrant football player?

  4. Acquiring Citizenship Jus Soli Jus Sanguinis Source: FIFA (2017) Jus Nexi Source: van Campenhout (2017)

  5. Foreign-born proxy ( Jus soli ) • Foreign-born “ An international migrant is a person who is living in a country other than his or her country of birth.” (UN, 2015) • Overlooks historical and geo-political contexts ➢ Territorial changes of borders ➢ Colonial relationships between states • Three approaches 1) Current state borders (2014) 2) Territorial borders at time of FIFA World Cup edition 3) Colonial ties

  6. Approach 1: 2014 Borders PERCENTAGE FOREIGN-BORN FOOTBALL PLAYERS 1930-2014, APPROACH 1 [#CASES: 913, N=9.400] 16,00% 13,96% 14,00% 12,57% 12,22% 11,95% 11,93% 11,75% 12,00% 11,55% 10,73% 9,65% 9,63% 10,00% 8,71% 8,94% 8,87% 8,52% 8,21% 8,16% 7,67% 8,00% 5,68% 6,00% 5,46% 4,00% 2,27% 2,00% 0,00% 1930 1934 1938 1942 1946 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 Source: van Campenhout (2017)

  7. 2014: French foreign-born players Source: Conrad (2014)

  8. Approach 2: Territorial Changes PERCENTAGE FOREIGN-BORN FOOTBALL PLAYERS 1930-2014, APPROACH 2 [#CASES: 623, N=9.400] 12,00% 11,41% 10,33% 10,00% 9,09% 8,56% 8,33% 8,18% 8,00% 7,38% 7,04% 5,85% 6,00% 5,33% 5,12% 4,83% 4,62% 4,61% 3,69% 4,00% 3,44% 3,13% 2,84% 2,27% 1,70% 2,00% 0,00% 1930 1934 1938 1942 1946 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 Source: van Campenhout (2017)

  9. Disintegrated States Yugoslavia: World Youth Champions 1987 Source: Diallo (2013) Source: BBC News (2006)

  10. Approach 3: Colonial Ties PERCENTAGE FOREIGN-BORN FOOTBALL PLAYERS 1930-2014, APPROACH 3 [#CASES: 578, N=9.400] 12,00% 11,41% 10,19% 10,00% 8,68% 8,42% 7,95% 8,00% 6,66% 6,45% 6,29% 6,00% 5,28% 4,93% 4,83% 4,61% 4,19% 3,78% 4,00% 3,44% 3,13% 2,84% 1,70% 2,00% 1,14% 1,14% 0,00% 1930 1934 1938 1942 1946 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 Source: van Campenhout (2017)

  11. Colonial Nationals 1934: Dutch international Beb Bakhuys Portuguese national football team in 1966 Source: Alchetron (2017) | Soccernostalgia (2016)

  12. Outcomes APPROACHES FOREIGN-BORN FOOTBALL PLAYERS AND INTERNATIONAL MIGRANTS Foreign-born Footballer C1 Foreign-born Footballer C2 Foreign-born Footballer C3 International Migrants 16,00% 14,00% 12,00% 10,00% 8,00% 6,00% 4,00% 2,00% 0,00% 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 Source: van Campenhout (2017)

  13. Thank y hank you f ou for or your a our attention ttention Ques Questions? tions? G. van Campenhout, MSc. PhD Candidate ‘Sport and the Nation ’ Erasmus School of History, Culture and Communication Erasmus University Rotterdam, the Netherlands vancampenhout@eshcc.eur.nl www.sportandnation.com @SportandNation Source: Football Whispers (2016)

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